Skip to main content
Download PDF

The global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population with emphasis on influential factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMC Geriatrics volume 25, Article number: 313 (2025) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a common disorder among the geriatric population (GP). MCI induces adverse effects on life quality by disrupting of natural aging process, daily activities, and memory. This systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to investigate the global prevalence of MCI in GP with an emphasis on associated influential factors.

Methods

Electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, WoS, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were systematically searched (by November 2024) using the MeSH-based keywords. Collected references were imported into the Citation Management Software of EndNote (v.8) for duplicate detection. Paper screenings and quality assessments were applied based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, eligible papers were gathered and data analysis was performed using CMA software (v.2).

Results

In the review of 51 eligible studies (n = 287,689 elderly individuals), the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population was found 23.7% (95%CI:18.6–29.6). According to the meta-regression analysis, following the increase in sample size and year of paper publication, the mild cognitive impairment index decreased and increased, respectively. Besides, age, educational level, and depression status were considered the most critical influential factors of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population.

Conclusion

According to the relatively high prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population, determination of proper health strategies seems necessary for diagnosis and treatment of mild cognitive impairment along with awareness and management of associated consequences in geriatric population.

Clinical trial number

Not applicable.

Peer Review reports

Background

Cognitive decline in the elderly contains a wide range of spectrum which is classified as normal cognitive decline with age to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia [1]. The milder type is known as mild cognitive impairment, a borderline between normal aging and dementia, characterized by memory loss [2].

Mild cognitive impairment is an early stage of memory loss or other cognitive ability loss (such as language or visual/spatial perception) in individuals who preserve the ability to independent daily activities [3]. Individuals with mild cognitive impairment usually experience cognitive decline with minimal impairment in normal life activities [4]. Based on cross-sectional studies conducted in Kazakhstan and Iran, age, gender, dietary habits, education level, economic status, and stroke are among the factors affecting the incidence of mild cognitive impairment in the geriatric population (GP) [5, 6].

The global elderly population is increasing dramatically, with the estimation of 2.1 billion geriatric population by 2050 to 3.1 billion by 2100 [1]. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in adults > 60 years ranges from 6.7 to 25.2% which increases with age and lower educational attainment, especially commonly in men [7,8,9].

Mild cognitive impairment can directly affect daily physical, psychological, and social activities [10]. However, mild cognitive impairment can potentially lead to other unpleasant complications such as memory impairment [11], various types of sleep disorders (such as insomnia), sleep-disordered breathing, and restless leg syndrome [12]. Also, the incidence of psychological disorders, such as depression, is more common in mild cognitive impairment individuals with higher risks of other severe cognitive impairments [13].

Mild cognitive impairment is recognized as a clinical and transitional stage between healthy aging and dementia. Since diagnosis and screening of mild cognitive impairment is considered a major and important “Target” to delay the progression of dementia, the attention to prevalence and epidemiology of mild cognitive impairment is a critical approach to effectively guide health policymakers and properly direct the allocation of health resources, along with to develop relevant strategies for the prevention and treatment of this type of disorder. However, published studies reported heterogeneous and different prevalences in different countries, making this recommendation difficult for policymakers. Therefore, according to the severe complications and various reports regarding mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population, ​​the present study aimed to investigate the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly population, along with the associated influencing factors. In addition, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive review of this type of disorder in the elderly, as well as provision of a valid report on the effective factors through a comprehensive assessment of whole relevant databases.

Methods

PRISMA statement criteria

All protocols of study selection were applied according to PRISMA 2020 statement criteria [14] by November 22, 2024. For systematic searching, the main MeSH-based keywords of “Prevalence”, “Cognitive disorders”, “Cognitive declines”, “Cognitive effect”, “Mild cognitive impairments”, “Elderly”, “geriatric” were totally used to apply searchin in valid databases of PubMed, WoS, Scopus, Embase, and ScienceDirect. Besides, the Google Scholar search engine and citations of collected articles were assessed manually to collect probable relevant studies. All collected citations were imported into the EndNote Citation Management Software (v,8x) for further assessments.

PubMed search strategy sample: ((((((Prevalence[Title/Abstract]) AND (Cognitive disorders[Title/Abstract])) OR (Cognitive declines[Title/Abstract])) OR (Cognitive effect[Title/Abstract])) OR (Mild cognitive impairments[Title/Abstract])) AND (Elderly[Title/Abstract])) OR (geriatric[Title/Abstract])))))).

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

All English-based studies as well as non-English articles containing an English abstract (cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional) with available and extractable statistics reporting the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population were included for data extraction and meta-analysis. In addition, non-English studies with insufficient or unextractable data, reviews, interventional, and case studies were excluded from the investigation.

Study selection

Following the insertion of collected citations into the EndNote software, duplicate papers were detected and merged. In primary screening, the Title and Abstract of collected papers were assessed. During secondary screening, full texts of the articles were also investigated. All irrelevant papers were excluded based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. To avoid any potential bias and data loss, all study selection stages were applied independently by two researchers. The corresponding author was also responsible for management and final decisions regarding any disagreements.

Qualitative assessment

The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), as a quality assessment tool for observational studies recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration, was hired for qualitative assessments in this study [15]. The NOS contained a maximum number of nine points for the least risk of bias in three domains; 1) selection of study groups (4 points); comparability of groups (2 points); and ascertainment of exposure and outcomes (3 points) for case-control and cohort studies, respectively [15], and 11 scores possible. Eventually, articles were classified into high (NOS score ≥ 5 points) or low quality (NOS score < 5 points).

Data extraction and meta-analysis

The Name of the first author, Year of paper publication, Country, Sample size, Age range, Prevalence, and Data collection tool were extracted from the eligible papers. For meta-analysis, the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (v.2) software was used. In this regard, the I2 test was performed to examine the heterogeneity of studies, and publication bias was investigated using the Egger test and Funnel plot. Meta-regression was performed based on sample size and year of study, as well as subgroup analysis based on continent and type of study.

Results

General reports

In the review of 1180 studies collected from the reviewed databases, 1174 and 6 investigations were included following the systematic review and citations assessments, respectively. Besides, 336 duplicate studies were excluded. Then, among 844 reviewed studies, 735 papers were excluded due to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. During secondary screening, 109 articles were reviewed and 56 irrelevant studies with no sufficient extractable data were excluded. 2 poor-quality studies were also ignored. Finally, 51 eligible high-quality studies were included for data extraction and meta-analysis (Fig. 1). Static information of the first author’s name, associated reference, year of paper publication, country, type of study, sample size, prevalence of mild cognitive impairment, age of the participants, and the diagnostic tool were totally provided in Table 1.

Fig. 1
figure 1

PRISMA flow diagram for study selection

Full size image
Table 1 Summary of characteristics of included studies representing the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in elderly individuals
Full size table

Meta-analysis and meta-regression findings

Most investigations were cross-sectional studies conducted in Asia; also, 5 investigations were cohort studies. Following meta-analysis, the highest prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (93%) in geriatric population was related to the study of Pradhan et al., in Nepal [3], and the lowest index (1.7%) was associated with the study of Khedr et al. in Egypt [16]. In a review of 51 eligible studies with a sample size of 287,689 geriatric population, the I2 index showed high heterogeneity levels (I2:99.7); thus, the Random Effect Model was used for meta-analysis. In total, the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population was reported as 23.7% (95%CI:18.6–29.6) (Fig. 2). In this figure, the prevalence of each study was represented by a square and a horizontal line inside the square was 95% confidence interval for each study. Finally, the diamond at the end of the figure shows the outcome and overall prevalence of all studies. Also, the Egger test indicated the presence of publication bias among the studies (p:0.008) (Fig. 3). Following the examination of the factors affecting the heterogeneity index and the effect of sample size, it was reported that by the increasing sample size, the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population decreases significantly (p < 0.05) (Fig. 4) and also following the increase in years of study, the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population increases significantly (p < 0.05) (Fig. 5).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Forest plot representing of global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in the geriatric population based on random effect model

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

Funnel plot examining publication bias in the reviewed studies

Full size image
Fig. 4
figure 4

Meta-regression analysis representing the effect of sample size on the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in the geriatric population

Full size image
Fig. 5
figure 5

Meta-regression analysis representing the effect of year of paper publication on the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in the geriatric population

Full size image

Based on the results represented in Table 2, reporting the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population by the type of studies and the continent, it is reported that in 47 cross-sectional studies, the mild cognitive impairment prevalence was 24.8 (95%CI:21.9–28), and in 4 cohort studies the mild cognitive impairment prevalence was 13 (95%CI: 2.3–48.4). Based on the continental analysis, the highest frequency and prevalence were reported in the African continent with the prevalence of 26.4 (95%CI: 15.4–41.6), and the Asian continent with the prevalence of 25.4 (95%CI: 22-29.1) (Table 2).

Table 2 The global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population by type of studies
Full size table

Influential factors on the occurrence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population

Based on relevant studies, some critical factors including education levels, age range, and depression were considered as intervening factors in the occurrence of mild cognitive impairment (Table 3). In 7 studies [4, 26, 30, 35, 36, 38, 54], the educational level was identified as a relevant factor for development of mild cognitive impairment. In this regard, low education level was considered as a main risk factor for high mild cognitive impairment status. According to 9 studies [4, 25, 27, 30, 32, 40, 49, 54, 58], the age is associated with mild cognitive impairment occurrence rate. Thus, higher age groups represent more susceptibility to mild cognitive impairment occurrence. Four studies [4, 28, 58, 62] stated that depression is a considerable influential factor for mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population. In this regard, other risk factors include low socioeconomic status [30, 35], stroke [4, 41], high blood pressure [4, 38], low physical activity [4], and female gender [54, 58].

Table 3 Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review
Full size table

Discussion

The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis study was to investigate the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population, which was found 23.7% in total. Meta-regression analysis revealed that following the increase in the year of paper publication, the overall prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population increases; in other words, the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population increases over time. Besides, the overall prevalence of mild cognitive impairment accelerates following the increase in the sample size.

According to the results of this study, the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population was reported at 23.7%. Also, following the examination of the factors affecting the heterogeneity of studies and the effect of sample size on heterogeneity, it was reported that by the increase in sample size, the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly decreases, and also with increasing years of study, the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly increases. In this study, age, education, and depression were also identified as the most important factors associated with mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population.

The criteria for mild cognitive impairment are the absence of considerable impairment in daily activities, memory impairment, and the absence of Alzheimer’s disease symptoms [63]. mild cognitive impairment is defined as an emerging clinical syndrome with a progressive nature [64]. However, many mild cognitive impairment patients represent no progression to Alzheimer’s disease or even revert to their primary pre-disease state [64]. Many studies addressed the importance of mild cognitive impairment in GP [4, 28, 58, 62].

Although there are various reports regarding the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population, most studies confirmed a considerable percentage of mild cognitive impairment in elderly individuals. In a study conducted by Shahar et al., the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in 318 elderly individuals > 60 years was 21.1% [55], this value was also found 23.9% in study of Reitz et al. [57], 22.4% in a cross-sectional study conducted in India [33], 24% according to the study of Tranah et al. in the USA [53], and 21.3% according to the study of Xu et al. in China [35].

According to the relatively significant prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population, attention to treatment or preventive strategies seems important issue. Regarding the treatment of mild cognitive impairment, many medical efforts are focused on the improvement of cognitive function, delaying mild cognitive impairment progression, or prevention of cognitive impairment [64]. Since there are no effective medications for mild cognitive impairment, attention to non-pharmacological factors and preventive measures can be impressive in this regard [8]; stop drinking alcohol, aerobic exercise, Mediterranean diet regimen, Chinese acupuncture, and cognitive interventions [63]. Contrary to the studies reviewed, some investigations reported a low prevalence of mild cognitive impairment. For example, Khedr et al. found this value as 1.7% in Egypt [24].

Alagiakrishnan et al. also stated that 9.8% of Canadian geriatric populations are diagnosed as mild cognitive impairment patients [18]. It should be noted that over time, the level of life expectancy and access to health services are increased, which is totally caused by increasing the number of geriatric population and associated mild cognitive impairment. On the other hand, the increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases and psychological disorders following the alteration in lifestyle can also be a justification for the increase in mild cognitive impairment prevalence over time. However, in the study of Pradhan et al., the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population was reported as 93% [3].

Other studies reported the mild cognitive impairment prevalence at higher levels than the findings of the present study; 60.5% and 59.4% respectively in Thailand and southern Nigeria [20, 22]. Studies approved the considerable role of influential factors on mild cognitive impairment occurrence; low educational levels [4, 26, 30, 35, 36, 38, 54], the incidence of stroke [4, 41], high blood pressure [4, 38], economic status [30, 35], physical activity [4], age [4, 25, 27, 30, 32, 40, 49, 54, 58], and gender [54, 58]. Thus, the presence of these interfering factors can potentially lead to various mild cognitive impairment reports in geriatric population. Also, different measurement tools and implementation methods can induce considerable effects on mild cognitive impairment prevalence rate.

A review of studies in this field reported that the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment increases significantly with age [65,66,67]. Research also suggested that mild cognitive impairment correlates can vary between age groups; in this regard, depression and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 are associated with an increased risk of mild cognitive impairment among adults aged 50–64 years [68]. Other studies reported that the aging process is often accompanied by changes in the brain, such as general atrophy, especially in the hippocampus, and increased neuronal fragility in memory-related areas, and such characteristics may increase the risk of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly [69].

Limitation

Since most studies were conducted in Asia, it is recommended to apply mild cognitive impairment -associated research in other continents, for future studies. Also, since the present study was conducted in English-based languages, non-English articles with no English abstracts were excluded due to the inaccessibility of all parts of the article. Another limitation of this study is the different cutoffs in diagnostic tools for determining cognitive impairment in the elderly, which indicates that most definitions do not conform to Peterson’s criteria, and, also that the cutoff for it in the studies mentioned and objectively measured in the tests, and these studies show that cognitive impairment is independently managed.

Conclusion

According to the findings of the present study, the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population is 23.7%. Thus, health policymakers are recommended to use the results of the present meta-analysis in order to achieve awareness for geriatric population and their caregivers and periodic examinations to prevent mild cognitive impairment development.

Data availability

Datasets are available through the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

MCI:

Mild cognitive impairment

GP:

Geriatric population

NOS:

The newcastle-ottawa scale

References

  1. Jongsiriyanyong S, Limpawattana P. Mild cognitive impairment in clinical practice: A review Article. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2018;33(8):500–7. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1177/1533317518791401

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Li W, Sun L, Xiao S. Prevalence, incidence, influence factors, and cognitive characteristics of amnestic mild cognitive impairment among older adult: a 1-year follow-up study in China. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:75. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00075

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Anand S, Schoo C. Mild Cognitive Impairment. [Updated 2024 Jan 11]. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK599514/

  4. Mohammad Z, Shah SA, Safian N, Dollah SN, Nurumal SR. Prevalence, risk and protective factors of mild cognitive impairment among male military veterans in Malaysia. Int Med J. 2022;29(6):333–8.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Tsoy RT, Turuspekova ST, Klipitskaya NK, Mereke A, Cumming RG. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment among older people in Kazakhstan and potential risk factors: A Cross-sectional study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2019 Apr-Jun;33(2):136–41. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000298

  6. Rostami Z, Rahmati M, Rostamnia L, salari N. Mild cognitive impairment and its determinants in urban and rural areas among older adults: A Cross-Sectional study. J Res Dev Nurs Midwifery. 2024;21:40–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ruan Q, Yu Z, Chen M, Bao Z, Li J, He W. Cognitive frailty, a novel target for the prevention of elderly dependency. Ageing Res Rev. 2015;20:1–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Feng L, Zin Nyunt MS, Gao Q, Feng L, Yap KB, Ng TP. Cognitive frailty and adverse health outcomes: findings from the Singapore longitudinal ageing studies (SLAS). J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017;18(3):252–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kim H, Awata S, Watanabe Y, Kojima N, Osuka Y, Motokawa K, Sakuma N, Inagaki H, Edahiro A, Hosoi E, Won CW, Shinkai S. Cognitive frailty in community-dwelling older Japanese people: prevalence and its association with falls. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2019;19(7):647–53. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1111/ggi.13685

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hussenoeder FS, Conrad I, Roehr S, Fuchs A, Pentzek M, Bickel H, et al. Mild cognitive impairment and quality of life in the oldest old: a closer look. Qual Life Res. 2020;29:1675–83. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1007/s11136-020-02425-5

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Anderson ND. State of the science on mild cognitive impairment (MCI). CNS Spectr. 2019;24(1):78–87. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1017/S1092852918001347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Casagrande M, Forte G, Favieri F, Corbo I. Sleep quality and aging: a systematic review on healthy older people, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(14):8457. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.3390/ijerph19148457

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Ma L. Depression, anxiety, and apathy in mild cognitive impairment: current perspectives. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;12:9. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.3389/fnagi.2020.00009

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Sarkis-Onofre R, Catalá-López F, Aromataris E, Lockwood C. How to properly use the PRISMA statement. Syst Rev. 2021;10(1):117. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1186/s13643-021-01671-z

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Alpoim PN, de Barros Pinheiro M, Junqueira DR, Freitas LG,das, Gracas Carvalho M, Fernández AP et al. Preeclampsia and ABO blood groups: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Mol Biol Rep. 2012; 40: 2253–2261. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1007/s11033-012-2288-2

  16. Khedr E, Fawi G, Abbas MA, Mohammed TA, El-Fetoh NA, Al Attar G, Noaman M, Zaki AF. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia among the elderly population of Qena Governorate, upper Egypt: a community-based study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;45(1):117–26. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.3233/JAD-142655

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Achary MT, Kaur R, Vibha D, Mani K, Kant S, Gupta SK. Mild cognitive impairment among elderly persons residing in an urban resettlement colony in Delhi. Indian J Community Med 2023 Sep-Oct;48(5):721–6. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_8_23

  18. Alagiakrishnan K, Lim D, Brahim A, Wong A, Wood A, Senthilselvan A, Chimich WT, Kagan L. Sexually inappropriate behaviour in demented elderly people. Postgrad Med J. 2005;81(957):463–6. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1136/pgmj.2004.028043

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Alkhunizan M, Alkhenizan A, Basudan L. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in Saudi Arabia: A Community-Based study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2018;8(1):98–103. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1159/000487231

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Anieto AC, Owolabi AO, Owolabi MO, Nwajei AI, Onwuka MO. Risk factors for mild cognitive impairment among older adults in a hospital in Southern Nigeria. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2023;15(1):e1–9. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.4102/phcfm.v15i1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Amer M, Mousa S, Khater M, Abdel Wahab W. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment among older adults living in Mansoura City Egypt. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. 2012;19:3–7. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1097/01.XME.0000407821.18381.3c

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Boongird C, Thamakaison S, Krairit O. Impact of a geriatric assessment clinic on organizational interventions in primary health-care facilities at a university hospital. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2011;11(2):204–10. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00671.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bickel H, Hendlmeier I, Heßler JB, Junge MN, Leonhardt-Achilles S, Weber J, Schäufele M. The prevalence of dementia and cognitive impairment in hospitals. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018;115(44):733–40. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.3238/arztebl.2018.0733

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Khedr E, Fawi G, Abbas MAA, Mohammed TA, El-Fetoh NA, Al Attar G, et al. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia among the elderly population of Qena Governorate, upper Egypt: a community-based study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;45(1):117–26. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.3233/JAD-142655

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Guo M, Gao L, Zhang G, Li Y, Xu S, Wang Z, Qu Q, Guo F. Prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in the elderly living in nursing and veteran care homes in Xi’an, China. J Neurol Sci. 2012;312(1–2):39–44. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1016/j.jns.2011.08.026

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Khairiah K, Mooi CS, Hamid TA. Prevalence and factors associated with mild cognitive impairment on screening in older Malaysians. Dusunen Adam-Journal Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 2016;29:298–306. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.5350/DAJPN2016290401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Mariel R-D-la-R, Rocio L-H, Daniel H-C, Mariana M-M, Manuel P-D, Ernestina V-RJ, Manuel B-A, Leticia. Investigating the Prevalence and Determinants of Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly Population at Primary Care Facilities. Curr J Appl Sci Technol. 2024;43(9):7–19. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.9734/cjast/2024/v43i94426. Castro-Diaz Alaina Mariana, and Patzi-Vargas Sandra Vanesa.

  28. Mohan D, Iype T, Varghese S, Usha A, Mohan M. A cross-sectional study to assess prevalence and factors associated with mild cognitive impairment among older adults in an urban area of Kerala, South India. BMJ Open. 2019;9(3):e025473. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025473

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Rao D, Luo X, Tang M, Shen Y, Huang R, Yu J, Ren J, Cheng X, Lin K. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and its subtypes in community-dwelling residents aged 65 years or older in Guangzhou, China. Arch gerontol geriatr. 2018 Mar-Apr;75:70–5. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1016/j.archger.2017.11.003

  30. Song M, Wang YM, Wang R, Xu SJ, Yu LL, Wang L, Zhao XC, Wang XY. Prevalence and risks of mild cognitive impairment of Chinese community-dwelling women aged above 60 years: A cross-sectional study. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2021;24(6):903–11. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1007/s00737-021-01137-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Liu D, Li L, An L, Cheng G, Chen C, Zou M, Zhang B, Gan X, Xu L, Ou Y, Wu Q, Wang R, Zeng Y. Urban-rural disparities in mild cognitive impairment and its functional subtypes among community-dwelling older residents in central China. Gen Psychiatr. 2021;34(5):e100564. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1136/gpsych-2021-100564

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Liu X, Yin X, Tan A, He M, Jiang D, Hou Y, Lu Y, Mao Z. Correlates of mild cognitive impairment of Community-Dwelling older adults in Wuhan, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(12):2705. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.3390/ijerph15122705

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Saikia AM, Rajendran V. Prevalence and risk factors of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among the elderly of Guwahati City, Assam: A Cross-sectional study. Int J Med Public Health. 2020;10(2):77–80. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.5530/ijmedph.2020.2.16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Xu T, Bu G, Yuan L, Zhou L, Yang Q, Zhu Y, Zhang S, Liu Q, Ouyang Z, Yang X, Tang B, Jiao B, Bei Y, Shen L. The prevalence and risk factors study of cognitive impairment: analysis of the elderly population of Han nationality in Hunan Province, China. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2024;30(4):e14478. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1111/cns.14478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Xu S, Xie B, Song M, Yu L, Wang L, An C, Zhu Q, Han K, Zhao X, Zhang R, Dong L, Chai N, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Wang X. High prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: a community-based study in four cities of the Hebei Province, China. Neuroepidemiology. 2014;42(2):123–30. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1159/000357374

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Cheng J, Ji X, He L, Zhang Y, Xiao T, Geng Q, Wang Z, Qi S, Zhou F, Zhan J. Epidemiological characteristics and factors associated with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment among the elderly in urban and rural areas of Hubei Province. J Clin Med. 2022;12(1):28. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.3390/jcm12010028

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Cong L, Ren Y, Wang Y, Hou T, Dong Y, Han X, Yin L, Zhang Q, Feng J, Wang L, Tang S, Grande G, Laukka EJ, Du Y, Qiu C. Mild cognitive impairment among rural-dwelling older adults in China: A community-based study. Alzheimers Dement. 2023;19(1):56–66. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1002/alz.12629

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Jia L, Du Y, Chu L, Zhang Z, Li F, Lyu D, Li Y, Li Y, Zhu M, Jiao H, Song Y, Shi Y, Zhang H, Gong M, Wei C, Tang Y, Fang B, Guo D, Wang F, Zhou A, Chu C, Zuo X, Yu Y, Yuan Q, Wang W, Li F, Shi S, Yang H, Zhou C, Liao Z, Lv Y, Li Y, Kan M, Zhao H, Wang S, Yang S, Li H, Liu Z, Wang Q, Qin W, Jia J, COAST Group. Prevalence, risk factors, and management of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in adults aged 60 years or older in China: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(12):e661–71. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30185-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Iype T, Babu V, Sreelakshmi P, Alapatt PJ, Rajan R, Soman B. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (Mci) among older population of rural Kerala: A cross-sectional study. Neurol India. 2023;71(2):296–300. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.4103/ni.ni_676_21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wang LY, Hu ZY, Chen HX, Zhou CF, Hu XY. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and its association with malnutrition in older Chinese adults in the community. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1407694. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1407694

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Wang Y, Song M, Yu L, Wang L, An C, Xun S, Zhao X, Gao Y, Wang X. Mild cognitive impairment: vascular risk factors in community elderly in four cities of Hebei Province, China. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(5):e0124566. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1371/journal.pone.0124566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Tawfik AA, Hamza SA, Adly NN, Abdel Kader RM. Pattern of cognitive impairment among community-dwelling elderly in Egypt and its relation to socioeconomic status. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2024;99(1):4. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1186/s42506-023-00147-3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Rahman Tomader Taha Abdel EGMM. Montreal cognitive assessment Arabic version: reliability and validity prevalence of mild cognitive impairment among elderly attending geriatric clubs in Cairo. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2009;9:54–61. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2008.00509.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Limongi F, Siviero P, Noale M, Gesmundo A, Crepaldi G, Maggi S, Dementia Registry Study Group. Prevalence and conversion to dementia of mild cognitive impairment in an elderly Italian population. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017;29(3):361–70. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1007/s40520-017-0748-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ma LY, He F, Liu S, Wang XD, Gao Y, Shi Z, Niu J, Ji Y. The association between the prevalence, medication adherence and control of hypertension and the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in rural Northern China: A Cross-Sectional study. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2022;16:493–502. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.2147/PPA.S351588

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Lwi SJ, Barnes DE, Xia F, Peltz C, Hoang T, Yaffe K. Ten-Year prevalence of cognitive impairment diagnoses and associated medical and psychiatric conditions in a National cohort of older female veterans. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;27(4):417–25. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1016/j.jagp.2018.12.015

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Nguyen TTT, Ngoc The TH, McFarland PL, Thi Chiem MN, Que Huynh T, Thanh T, Tran T, Van Nguyen T. Dementia prevalence among older hospitalized patients in Vietnam and dementia Understanding of their caregivers. Aging Med Healthc. 2019;10:128–32. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.33879/AMH.2019.123-1902.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Ogunniyi A, Adebiyi AO, Adediran AB, Olakehinde OO, Siwoku AA. Prevalence estimates of major neurocognitive disorders in a rural Nigerian community. Brain Behav. 2016;6(7):e00481. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1002/brb3.481

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Panghal C, Belsiyal CX, Rawat VS, Dhar M. Impact of cognitive impairment on activities of daily living among older adults of North India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2022;11(11):6909–15. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_266_22

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Xu R, Gao T, Cai J, Zhang H, Zhou H, Ding K, Chen L, Zhong F, Ma A. Food consumption and mild cognitive impairment in Qingdao rural elderly: A cross-sectional study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2020;29(4):867–75. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.6133/apjcn.202012_29(4).0023

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Xi H, Gan J, Liu S, Wang F, Chen Z, Wang XD, Shi Z, Ji Y. Reproductive factors and cognitive impairment in natural menopausal women: A cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:893901. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.3389/fendo.2022.893901

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Hendlmeier I, Bickel H, Heßler-Kaufmann JB, Schäufele M. Care challenges in older general hospital patients: impact of cognitive impairment and other patient-related factors. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2019;52(Suppl 4):212–21. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1007/s00391-019-01628-x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Tranah GJ, Blackwell T, Stone KL, Ancoli-Israel S, Paudel ML, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Redline S, Hillier TA, Cummings SR, Yaffe K, SOF Research Group. Circadian activity rhythms and risk of incident dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older women. Ann Neurol. 2011;70(5):722–32. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1002/ana.22468

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Sun Y, Lee HJ, Yang SC, Chen TF, Lin KN, Lin CC, Wang PN, Tang LY, Chiu MJ. A nationwide survey of mild cognitive impairment and dementia, including very mild dementia, in Taiwan. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(6):e100303. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1371/journal.pone.0100303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Shahar S, Lee LK, Rajab N, Lim CL, Harun NA, Noh MF, Mian-Then S, Jamal R. Association between vitamin A, vitamin E and Apolipoprotein E status with mild cognitive impairment among elderly people in low-cost residential areas. Nutr Neurosci. 2013;16(1):6–12. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1179/1476830512Y.0000000013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Roberts RO, Cerhan JR, Geda YE, Knopman DS, Cha RH, Christianson TJ, Pankratz VS, Ivnik RJ, O’Connor HM, Petersen RC. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and reduced odds of MCI: the Mayo clinic study of aging. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;21(3):853–65. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.3233/JAD-2010-091597

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Reitz C, Tang MX, Miller J, Green R, Luchsinger JA. Plasma homocysteine and risk of mild cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;27(1):11–7. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1159/000182421

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Khater MS, Abouelezz NF. Nutritional status in older adults with mild cognitive impairment living in elderly homes in Cairo, Egypt. J Nutr Health Aging. 2011;15(2):104–8. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1007/s12603-011-0021-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kitro A, Panumasvivat J, Sirikul W, Wijitraphan T, Promkutkao T, Sapbamrer R. Associations between frailty and mild cognitive impairment in older adults: evidence from rural Chiang Mai Province. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(4):e0300264. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1371/journal.pone.0300264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Kim E, Choi BY, Kim MK, Yang YJ. Association of diet quality score with the risk of mild cognitive impairment in the elderly. Nutr Res Pract. 2022;16(5):673–84. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.4162/nrp.2022.16.5.673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Liu M, Wang J, Zeng J, He Y. Relationship between serum uric acid level and mild cognitive impairment in Chinese community elderly. BMC Neurol. 2017;17(1):146. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1186/s12883-017-0929-8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Assaf G, El Khoury J, Jawhar S, Rahme D. Mild cognitive impairment and modifiable risk factors among Lebanese older adults in primary care. Asian J Psychiatr. 2021;65:102828. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102828

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Chen YX, Liang N, Li XL, Yang SH, Wang YP, Shi NN. Diagnosis and treatment for mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements. Front Neurol. 2021;12:719849. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.3389/fneur.2021.719849

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Kasper S, Bancher C, Eckert A, Förstl H, Frölich L, Hort J, et al. Management of mild cognitive impairment (MCI): the need for National and international guidelines. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2020;21(8):579–94. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1080/15622975.2019.1696473

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Bai W, Chen P, Cai H, Zhang Q, Su Z, Cheung T, Jackson T, Sha S, Xiang YT. Worldwide prevalence of mild cognitive impairment among community dwellers aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis and systematic review of epidemiology studies. Age Ageing. 2022;51(8):afac173. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1093/ageing/afac173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Nie H, Xu Y, Liu B, Zhang Y, Lei T, Hui X, Zhang L, Wu Y. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment about elderly population in China: a meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(6):558–63. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1002/gps.2579

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ganguli M, Fu B, Snitz BE, Hughes TF, Chang CC. Mild cognitive impairment: incidence and vascular risk factors in a population-based cohort. Neurology. 2013;80(23):2112–20. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318295d776

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Lara E, Koyanagi A, Olaya B, Lobo A, Miret M, Tyrovolas S, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Haro JM. Mild cognitive impairment in a Spanish representative sample: prevalence and associated factors. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;31(8):858–67. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1002/gps.4398

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Xia X, Jiang Q, McDermott J, Han JJ. Aging and Alzheimer’s disease: comparison and associations from molecular to system level. Aging Cell. 2018;17(5):e12802. https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1111/acel.12802

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

By Student Research Committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.

Funding

By Deputy for Research and Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (IR) (4040067). This deputy has no role in the study process.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Nader Salari

  2. Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Fateme Lotfi & Pegah Heidarian

  3. Department of Operating Room, Nahavand School of Allied Medical Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Amir Abdolmaleki

  4. Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Nursing, Urmia, Iran

    Shabnam Rasoulpoor

  5. Occupational Sleep Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Jalil Fazeli

  6. Department of Geriatric Health, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Hadi Najafi

  7. Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran

    Masoud Mohammadi

Authors
  1. Nader Salari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fateme Lotfi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  3. Amir Abdolmaleki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pegah Heidarian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  5. Shabnam Rasoulpoor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jalil Fazeli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hadi Najafi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  8. Masoud Mohammadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

NS and FL and MM contributed to the design, MM statistical analysis, and participated in most of the study steps. MM and AA and SR and PH prepared the manuscript. MM and JF and HN and PH and FL assisted in designing the study, and helped in the, interpretation of the study. All authors have read and approved the content of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masoud Mohammadi.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Ethics approval was received from the ethic committee of deputy of research and technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (IR.KUMS.REC.1403.562).

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Salari, N., Lotfi, F., Abdolmaleki, A. et al. The global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in geriatric population with emphasis on influential factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr 25, 313 (2025). https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1186/s12877-025-05967-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1186/s12877-025-05967-w

Keywords

BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

Contact us