Table 3 Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review
Author | Age | Year | Country | Sample size | P-value | OR (95%CI) | Risk factor | Tool |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mohammad et al. [4] | ≥ 60 | 2022 | Malaysia | 244 | 0.043 | 2.98 (1.03–8.78) | Lower education level | MoCA-BM |
< 0.001 | 4.57 (2.22, 9.90) | Old age | ||||||
0.019 | 2.63 (1.14, 6.09) | Depression | ||||||
0.035 | 2.22 (1.06, 4.67) | Hypertension | ||||||
10.29 (4.87, 21.727) | - | Physical activity | ||||||
< 0.001 | 10.67 (2.77, 41.13) | Stroke | ||||||
Mooi And Hamid [26] | ≥ 60 | 2016 | Malaysia | 2112 | < 0.001 | 2.35 (4.58–10.25) | Lower education level | MMSE |
Song et al. [30] | ≥ 60 | 2021 | China | 1760 | < 0.001 | 4.0 (3.2–5.1) | Lower education level | MMSE & MoCA |
< 0.001 | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | Old age | ||||||
0.003 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | Poor economic status | ||||||
Sun et al. [54] | > 65 | 2014 | Taiwan | 10,432 | < 0.001 | 1.63(1.24–2.13) | Lower education level | Interview & CDR |
< 0.001 | 3.27(2.76–3.87) | Old age | ||||||
< 0.001 | 1.28 (1.13–1.45) | Gender Female | ||||||
Cheng et al. [36] | ≥ 60 | 2022 | China | 4010 | 0.001 | 0.67 (0.56, 0.81) | Lower education level | MMSE |
Jia et al. [38] | ≥ 60 | 2020 | China | 46,011 | < 0·0001 | 3·48 (3·25–3·73) | Lower education level | MMSE & CDR |
< 0·0001 | 1·62 (1·54–1·71) | Hypertension | ||||||
Xu et al. [35] | ≥ 60 | 2014 | China | 2426 | < 0.001 | 2.439 (1.623–3.663) | Lower education level | Questionnaire (MMSE & MoCA) |
< 0.001 | 2.882 (1.949–4.255) | Poor economic status | ||||||
khater and abouelezz [58] | ≥ 60 | 2011 | Egypt | 120 | 0 | 1.14(1.063–1.22) | Old age | MMSE & MoCA |
0 | 3.39(1.32–8.74) | Depression | ||||||
0.025 | 2.9 (1.14, 7.36) | Gender Female | ||||||
Panghal et al. [49] | ≥ 60 | 2022 | India | 135 | < 0.001 | 36.21(6.23-210.59) | Old age | HMSE |
Liu et al. [32] | ≥ 65 | 2018 | China | 622 | 0.01 | 2.529(1.249–5.122) | Old age | AD8 |
Mariel et al. [27] | ≥ 60 | 2024 | Mexico | 382 | < 0.001 | 1.072(1.034–1.111) | Old age | MoCA |
Wang et al. [40] | ≥ 60 | 2024 | China | 706 | < 0.001 | 4.773 (2.571–8.859) | Old age | MMSE |
Guo et al. [25] | ≥ 65 | 2012 | China | 264 | 0.000 | 6.304(3.049–13.034) | Old age | MMSE & HDS |
Wang et al. [41] | ≥ 60 | 2015 | China | 3136 | < 0.0001 | 1.4 (1.03–1.9) | Stroke | MMSE & MoCA |
Assaf et al. [62] | ≥ 60 | 2021 | Lebanon | 337 | 0.004 | 2.847(1.392–5.819) | Depression | MoCA |
Mohan et al. [28] | ≥ 60 | 2019 | India | 426 | 0.009 | 2.17 (1.21 to 3.89) | Depression | m-ACE |