Table 2 Data extraction sheet
From: Glaucoma prevalence and treatment in sub-Saharan Africa’s elderly population: a scoping review
Author | Year | Study Title | Country | Population | Study Design | Sample size | Summary findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Buhrmann et al. | 2000 | Prevalence of Glaucoma in a rural East African Population | Tanzania | 33 villages in the district within 1 h of Kongwa town. Persons aged 40 years and above, mean age: 53 ± 10.9 | Cross-sectional study | 3247 subjects completed the study | The prevalence of glaucoma of all types was 4.16% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5 3.5, 4.9%). Primary open-angle glaucoma (OAG) was diagnosed in 3.1% (95% CI 5 2.5, 3.8%), primary angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) in 0.59% (95% CI 5 0.35, 0.91%), and other forms of glaucoma in 0.49%. The high prevalence of OAG in this group was like that of African-derived persons in the United States, but less so in African-Caribbean populations. |
2. Anand et al. | 2000 | Trabeculectomy outcomes in advanced glaucoma in Nigeria | Nigeria | A retrospective case-note search was done from operating theatre records in a private hospital in Lagos, Nigeria from 1989 to 1999 | Retrospective study | 134 patients,189 eyes were identified from the operating theatre records, with a mean age of 65 years | When the criteria for success were an intraocular pressure (lOP) of less than 22 mmHg, 30% reduction from pre-operative levels and a decrease in visual acuity of less than 3 Snellen chart lines, then by life-table analysis success rates were 85%, 82% and 71% at the 1, 2 and 5-year post-operative intervals respectively. Success rates were lower if an lOP of less than 16 mmHg was taken as one of the criteria (65%, 61% and 46% at the 1-, 2- and 5-year intervals, respectively). |
3. Mwanza &Kabasele et al. | 2001 | Trabeculectomy with and without mitomycin-C in a black African population | Congo-Kinshasa | A prospective randomised study | 22 eyes of 11 black African patients in Congo-Kinshasa. The average age is 46.8 years, range 29 to 59 years. | The success rate of trabeculectomy was 81.8% in eyes treated with mitomycin-C compared with 63.6% in eyes not receiving this drug. Rates of intraocular pressure reduction were 57.9% and 42.9% respectively. Complications occurred in 36.3% of the eyes managed with mitomycin-C again | |
4. Adegbehinbe et al. | 2006 | Blindness and visual impairment among the elderly in Ife-Ijesha zone of Osun State, Nigeria | Nigeria | All people aged 60years or older were gathered at various centres in Ife-Ijesha zone of Osun State, Nigeria | A cross-sectional descriptive community-based study | 681 elderly | Cataract (42.3%), glaucoma (32.4%) and uncorrected aphakia (9.9%) were the leading causes of blindness in 69 eyes |
5. Budenz et al. | 2013 | Prevalence of glaucoma in an urban West African Population, The Tema Survey | Ghana | Adults 40 + living in Tema, Ghana study 5603 | A population-based, cross-sectional | 5603 | Primary open-angle glaucoma was the underlying diagnosis in 342 participants (94.5%). The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma was 6.8% overall, increasing from 3.7% among those 40 to 49 years old to 14.6% among those 80 years and older |
6. Ashaye et al. | 2013 | Prevalence and types of glaucoma among an Indigenous African Population in Southwest Nigeria | Nigeria | Residents of Akinyele district of Oyo State in southwestern Nigeria aged 40 years and older were randomly selected in a stratified manner with a mean age of 58 ± 12.8 years | Cross-sectional population-based survey | 811 subjects | Primary open-angle glaucoma was found in 6.2% (95% CI 4.5–7.8%) and primary angle closure glaucoma in 0.2% (95% CI 0.0–0.6%). Secondary glaucoma accounted for 0.9% of the cases, with couching and neovascular processes being the main causes (0.2% each). Prevalence of glaucoma increased significantly with increasing age (P for trend < 0.05). The high prevalence of glaucoma (7.3%) in the Akinyele district in southwestern Nigeria is comparable with those in predominantly black populations in the Akwapim-South district of Ghana and Barbados. Primary open-angle glaucoma remains the most prevalent form of glaucoma. |
7. Olawoye &Sarimiye | 2013 | Is angle closure glaucoma a problem in Nigeria? | Nigeria | New glaucoma patients of all age groups | Cross-sectional study | 336 consecutive new glaucoma patients of all age groups who presented to the glaucoma clinic of UCH over 1 year. | Of the 336 patients, 60 eyes of 31 patients (9.2%) had angle closure with or without glaucoma |
8. Adekoya et al. | 2014 | Surgical Output and Clinic Burden of Glaucoma in Lagos, Nigeria | Nigeria | OPD patients in selected centres. | A multicentre study involving 2 tertiary eye institutions, 7 secondary eye centres with eye care facilities, and the largest private eye hospital in Lagos state, Nigeria. | 6240 patients | A total of 6240 patients visited the OPD over the 4 weeks, out of which 1577 (25.3%) were glaucoma patients. OPD visits per ophthalmologist were 274, 323, and 61, whereas glaucoma visits per ophthalmologist were 75, 70, and 23 in the tertiary, secondary, and private centres, respectively. Glaucoma surgeries constituted 8.6% of total surgeries (n = 4050). Trabeculectomy with intraoperative 5-fluorouracil was the most common procedure (81.0%). Number of glaucoma surgeries per ophthalmologist per month in the tertiary, secondary, and private centres were 0.5, 0.9, and 1.4, respectively. The overall number of glaucoma surgery per ophthalmologist per month was 1 |
9. Kyari et al. | 2015 | A Population-based survey of the prevalence and types of glaucoma in Nigeria: Results from the Nigeria National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey | Nigeria | Adults aged ≥ 40 years | Cross-sectional survey | 13,591 | Nigeria has a high prevalence of glaucoma, which is mainly open-angle glaucoma. A high proportion of those affected are blind. Secondary glaucoma was primarily a consequence of procedures for cataracts. |
10. Gessesse | 2015 | The Ahmed Glaucoma Valve in Refractory Glaucoma: Experiences in Southwest Ethiopia | Ethiopia | charts of consecutive patients treated with Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation at Jimma University Specialized Hospital between August 2012 and August 2014. S | A retrospective review was conducted | Out of 12 eyes 11 patients were included with a mean age of 40.7 years (SD = 19.0) | The Ahmed glaucoma valve implant appears to be effective and relatively safe for treating complicated glaucoma with a success rate comparable with those reported from other studies |
11. Kizor-Akaraiwe & Ogbonnaya | 2016 | Practice of trabeculectomy by ophthalmologists in Nigeria | Nigeria | All consultant ophthalmologists present at the 2010 Congress of the Ophthalmological Society of Nigeria | Cross-sectional and analytical study | 65 out of 80 consenting ophthalmologists responded to the questionnaires | A trabeculectomy rate of 0.9 trabeculectomy/ ophthalmologist/month was found in this study. It was significantly associated with insufficient exposure to trabeculectomy during residency training and unwillingness on the part of patients to accept glaucoma surgery. There was no significant relationship between higher glaucoma outpatient burden and the number of trabeculectomies carried out by respondents. Ophthalmologists were willing to offer more trabeculectomies to patients if they were certain of improved outcomes and to improve their trabeculectomy skills through short-term skill-enhancement courses. |
12. Stefan et al. | 2016 | Glaucoma surgery outcome in Rwanda | Rwanda | All adult glaucoma patients who underwent trabeculectomy surgery in the Kabgayi Eye Unit | Cross-sectional study | 163 eligible patients | Trabeculectomy with anti-metabolites is one of the best available options for glaucoma management in Africa. However, the IOP control reduced at a follow-up duration beyond 2 years, highlighting the importance of regular long-term follow-up |
13. Goosen et al. | 2017 | Racial Differences in Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty Efficacy | South Africa | Glaucoma patients | 5-year retrospective chart review | 84 | Selective laser trabeculoplasty was effective in producing clinically significant IOP reduction in South African adults with or without prior medical or surgical anti-glaucoma therapy |
14. Abdul et al. | 2018 | Safety and effectiveness of primary transscleral diode laser cyclo photoablation for glaucoma in Nigeria | Nigeria | New glaucoma patients where surgical intervention was recommended. | Prospective case series | 201 out of 204 eyes with complete data analysed | : Transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation controlled IOP in almost three-quarters of eyes at 12 months with short-term preservation of vision and minimal complications. Poor follow-up in this setting highlights the need for an effective, safe, and acceptable treatment where regular follow-up is less critical |
15. Bogunjoko et al., | 2019 | Trends in Glaucoma Procedures and Surgeries at the Eye Foundation Hospital Group, Nigeria | Nigeria | Consecutive glaucoma patients 18 years and older seen at the EFHG, Nigeria | Descriptive retrospective study | The total number of glaucoma surgeries and laser procedures done in the EFHG from 2009 to 2017 was 2186. | Trabeculectomy was the most performed procedure. From 2009 to 2017, trabeculectomy had been decreasing in frequency from 117 to 65 (44%), except for 2015. The frequency of use of glaucoma drainage device (GDD) has been steadily increasing from 1 in 2013 to 26 in 2017, but this is not statistically significant |
16. Kyei et al. | 2020 | Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of glaucoma patients at a tertiary referral facility in Zimbabwe | Zimbabwe | Zimbabwean patients who had been diagnosed with glaucoma and receiving care at Greenwood Park Eye Center from 2014–2018 | Hospital-based retrospective study of patients’ records in the archives of Greenwood Park Eye Centre | Out of 9185 folders, 432 participants met the inclusion criteria age range 10–110 with mean age 62.66 and SD ± 15.94 years | The 432 cases were POAG, with 8.1% unilateral glaucoma and 91.9% bilateral. Mainstay treatment was the use of medication only (41.4%) prostaglandin analogues accounted for 151 (47.9%) followed by beta-blockers 66 (21.0%) and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists 9 (2.9%). For combination therapy, prostaglandin analogues and beta-blockers constituted 57 (18.1%), and beta-blockers and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists 32 (10.1%). Trabeculectomy and medication was 27.3% and trabeculectomy only was 14.6% |
17. Phillipin et al. | 2021 | Selective laser trabeculoplasty versus 0·5% timolol eye drops for the treatment of glaucoma in Tanzania: a randomised controlled trial | Tanzania | Persons diagnosed with chronic high-pressure open-angle glaucoma | Two-arm parallel-group single-masked RCT | 201 | Treatment was successful in 55 (31%) of 176 eyes in the timolol group (16 [29%] of 55 eyes required repeat administration counselling) and in 99 (61%) of 163 eyes in the SLT group.SLT was superior to timolol eye drops for managing patients with open-angle high-pressure glaucoma for one year in Tanzania |
18. Ezinne et al. | 2021 | Prevalence and clinical profile of glaucoma patients in rural Nigeria-A hospital-based study | Nigeria | Data for all participants aged 50 years and over who presented for the first time the glaucoma referral centre of the Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria between, January 2011 and December 2016 (5-year period). | Hospital-based retrospective study of glaucoma participants aged 50 years and above seen over 5 years. | 5482 case files were reviewed | 995 (18.15%, 95% Cl 17.15–19.19%) had glaucoma, particularly primary open-angle glaucoma (11.55%, 95%CI 10.73–12.42%). The high prevalence of glaucoma in older people remains a public health problem in Nigeria |
19. Mulinde et al. | 2022 | Prevalence and risk factors for visual impairment among elderly patients attending the eye clinic a Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda: A CS study | Uganda | Individuals aged 60 and above | Cross-sectional study | 346 | The prevalence of VI among the elderly in Mulago Hospital is high, with the most typical causes being nine treatable conditions, which include cataracts, refractive errors, glaucoma, and corneal opacities |
20. Olawoye et al. | 2023 | Glaucoma Treatment Patterns in Sub-Saharan Africa | Nigeria, Gabon, Cote d’Ivoire, South Africa, Eswatini, and Zimbabwe; Malawi, Ethiopia, Burundi, and Kenya | STAGE study | Ongoing prospective multicentre cross-sectional study | 1214 patients from 27 sites in 10 countries | Medical therapy for first-line glaucoma management is preferred by most physicians in SSA (69%) Laser therapy may be underutilized at centres where it is available |
21. Olawoye et al. | 2024 | Patients’ Acceptance of Glaucoma Therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa | Nigeria, Gabon, Cote d’Ivoire, South Africa, Eswatini, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Ethiopia, Burundi, and Kenya | Clinical data were collected from eligible participants, which included adult patients aged 18 years or older, newly diagnosed with glaucoma, and naïve to any prior glaucoma treatment, who were seen between July 2018 and January 2022 | Multicentre cross-sectional study | 1,214 patients at 27 sites in 10 countries with a mean age of 59 | Patients’ acceptance of glaucoma therapy was high overall, but lower for surgery than for laser or medical therapy. Most patients who declined laser or surgical therapy accepted medical therapy as an alternate therapy when offered |