Table 1 Baseline characteristics of T2DM patient

Age (years), mean ± SD

69.7 ± 7.4

73.9 ± 8.2

68.3 ± 6.6

< 0.001*

Sex, n (%)

 Male

169 (51.4)

33 (42.3)

136 (54.2)

0.067

 Female

160 (48.6)

45 (57.7)

115 (45.8)

Education, n (%)

 Primary school or less

75 (22.9)

25 (32.1)

50 (20.0)

0.007*

 Secondary school/diploma

102 (31.1)

14 (18.9)

88 (35.2)

 Bachelor's degree or higher

151 (46.0)

39 (50.0)

112 (44.8)

Weight (kg), mean ± SD

68.1 ± 14.5

54.1 ± 8.2

72.4 ± 13.2

< 0.001*

Height (cm), mean ± SD

161.2 ± 8.9

156.7 ± 8.3

162.6 ± 8.7

< 0.001*

Body mass index (kg/m²), mean ± SD

26.1 ± 4.6

22.0 ± 2.9

27.4 ± 4.3

< 0.001*

BMI classification, n (%)

 < 18.5

9 (2.7)

7 (8.9)

2 (0.8)

< 0.001*

 18.5–22.9

70 (21.3)

41 (52.6)

29 (11.6)

 23.0–24.9

69 (21.0)

22 (28.2)

47 (18.7)

 ≥ 25.0

181 (55.0)

8 (10.3)

173 (68.9)

Underlying disease, n (%)

 Hypertension

260 (79.0)

58 (74.4)

202 (80.5)

0.246

 Dyslipidemia

288 (87.5)

69 (88.5)

219 (87.3)

0.777

 Myocardial infarction/coronary artery disease

32 (10.3)

11 (14.7)

21 (8.9)

0.149

 Cancer

18 (5.5)

6 (7.7)

12 (4.8)

0.323

 Stroke

21 (6.4)

7 (8.9)

14 (5.6)

0.284

Diabetic nephropathy, n (%)

171 (51.9)

45 (57.7)

126 (50.2)

0.247

Duration of DM (years), median (IQR)

10 (5, 20)

10 (6, 20)

10 (5, 20)

0.220

Family history of DM, n (%)

225 (68.4)

51 (65.4)

174 (69.3)

0.514

Smoking, n (%)

16 (4.9)

2 (2.6)

14 (5.6)

0.280

Frailty phenotype, n (%)

 Non-frail

64 (19.5)

6 (7.7)

58 (23.1)

 Pre-frailty

213 (64.7)

48 (61.5)

165 (65.7)

< 0.001*

 Frailty

52 (15.8)

24 (30.8)

28 (11.2)

HbA1 C (%), median (IQR)

6.9 (6.3, 7.7)

7 (6.3, 7.7)

6.9 (6.3, 7.7)

0.698

UACR (mg/g), median (IQR)

16.7 (6.6, 58.5)

17.9 (7.5, 72.5)

16. 3 (6.0, 49.9)

0.424

GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²), median (IQR)

68.7 (55.5, 85.3)

62.4 (50.3, 79.7)

70.7 (56.7, 86.0)

0.028*