Table 1 Univariate analysis of physical activity levels in Pre-Frail rural Empty-Nest older adults (N, %)
Variable | Overall (N = 522) n (%) | High activity level group (N = 261) n (%) | Low activity level group (N = 261) n (%) | \(\:{\varvec{x}}^{2}\)value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | Â | Â | Â | 1.046 | 0.306 |
 60–75 | 349 (66.8) | 169 (64.7) | 180 (68.9) |  |  |
 ≥ 75 | 173 (33.2) | 92 (35.3) | 81 (31.1) |  |  |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | 0.380 | 0.538 |
 Male | 233 (44.7) | 113 (43.2) | 120 (46.0) |  |  |
 Female | 289 (55.3) | 148 (56.8) | 141 (54.0) |  |  |
BMI (kg/m2) | Â | Â | Â | 4.745 | 0.029* |
 <24 | 192 (36.8) | 84 (32.2) | 108 (41.4) |  |  |
 ≥ 24 | 330 (63.2) | 177 (67.8) | 153 (58.6) |  |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | 0.241 | 0.624 |
 Married | 379 (72.6) | 192 (73.6) | 187 (71.6) |  |  |
 Not married | 143 (27.4) | 69 (26.4) | 74 (28.4) |  |  |
Educational Level | Â | Â | Â | 26.324 | 0.000* |
 Elementary school and below | 156 (29.9) | 54 (20.6) | 102 (39.1) |  |  |
 Junior High School | 260 (49.8) | 157 (60.1) | 103 (39.5) |  |  |
 High School / Junior College | 106 (20.3) | 50 (19.3) | 56 (21.4) |  |  |
Smoking status | Â | Â | Â | 0.492 | 0.483 |
 Non-smoker | 434 (83.1) | 220 (84.3) | 214 (81.9) |  |  |
 Smoking | 88 (16.8) | 41 (15.7) | 47 (18.1) |  |  |
Alcohol consumption | Â | Â | Â | 18.587 | 0.000* |
 Do not drink alcohol | 183 (35.1) | 68 (26.1) | 115 (44.1) |  |  |
 Drinking | 339 (64.9) | 193 (73.9) | 146 (45.9) |  |  |
Average monthly household income per capita | Â | Â | Â | 5.770 | 0.016* |
 <5000 | 458 (87.8) | 238 (91.2) | 220 (84.3) |  |  |
 ≥ 5000 | 64 (12.2) | 23 (8.8) | 41 (15.7) |  |  |
Length of sleep at night (h) | Â | Â | Â | 1.149 | 0.563 |
 <6 | 161 (30.8) | 76 (29.1) | 85 (32.5) |  |  |
 6–8 | 156 (29.8) | 83 (31.8) | 73 (27.9) |  |  |
 ≥ 8 | 205 (39.4) | 102 (39.1) | 103 (39.6) |  |  |
High blood pressure | Â | Â | Â | 5.569 | 0.018* |
 No | 192 (36.7) | 83 (31.8) | 109 (41.7) |  |  |
 Yes | 330 (63.3) | 178 (68.2) | 152 (48.3) |  |  |
Diabetes | Â | Â | Â | 1.181 | 0.277 |
 No | 194 (37.2) | 103 (39.6) | 91 (34.9) |  |  |
 Yes | 328 (62.8) | 158 (60.4) | 170 (65.1) |  |  |
Coronary heart disease | Â | Â | Â | 10.428 | 0.001* |
 No | 204 (39.1) | 84 (32.2) | 120 (45.9) |  |  |
 Yes | 318 (60.9) | 177 (67.8) | 141 (54.1) |  |  |
Respiratory Diseases | Â | Â | Â | 9.875 | 0.002* |
 No | 203 (38.9) | 84 (32.2) | 119 (45.6) |  |  |
 Yes | 319 (61.1) | 177 (67.8) | 142 (54.4) |  |  |
Cerebrovascular disease | Â | Â | Â | 4.601 | 0.032* |
 No | 171 (32.8) | 97 (37.1) | 74 (28.4) |  |  |
 Yes | 351 (67.2) | 164 (62.9) | 187 (71.6) |  |  |
Malignant Tumor | Â | Â | Â | 2.778 | 0.096 |
 No | 491 (94.1) | 250 (95.7) | 241 (92.3) |  |  |
 Yes | 31 (5.9) | 11 (4.3) | 20 (7.7) |  |  |
Osteoarthritis | Â | Â | Â | 4.077 | 0.043* |
 No | 113 (21.6) | 66 (25.2) | 47 (18.0) |  |  |
 Yes | 409 (78.4) | 195 (74.8) | 214 (82.0) |  |  |
Malnutrition | Â | Â | Â | 7.507 | 0.006* |
 No | 225 (43.1) | 97 (37.1) | 128 (49.0) |  |  |
 Yes | 297 (56.9) | 164 (62.9) | 133 (51.0) |  |  |