Table 1 Participants’ characteristics across exercise participation

Demographic variables

 Age

71.2 ± 4.7

71.5 ± 4.5

 Female

% (n)

36.7 (131)

42.8 (491)

 Body mass index

(kg/m²)

23.4 ± 3.4

23.1 ± 2.7

Years of education

% (n)

 ≤ 9

14.0 (50)

9.8 (112)

 10–12

57.4 (205)

56.4 (647)

 ≥ 13

28.6 (102)

33.8 (388)

Living alone

% (n)

10.1 (36)

10.1 (116)

Economic status (poor)

% (n)

24.1 (86)

14.5 (166)

Smoking

% (n)

17.4 (62)

6.4 (73)

Alcohol consumption

% (n)

50.7 (181)

56.6 (649)

Clinical history

% (n)

 Stroke

3.1 (11)

2.4 (28)

 Hypertension

44.8 (160)

42.8 (491)

 Diabetes

14.0 (50)

13.3 (152)

 Osteoporosis

2.8 (10)

4.2 (48)

 Heart disease

14.8 (53)

12.0 (138)

 Low back pain

28.3 (101)

26.9 (309)

 Hip pain

4.5 (16)

2.3 (26)

 Knee pain

13.4 (48)

13.0 (149)

Frailty measures (total KCL frailty)

% (n)

 Robust

50.7 (181)

69.6 (798)

 Pre-frailty

37.5 (134)

24.4 (280)

 Frailty

11.8 (42)

6.0 (69)

Driving habits

 Driving frequency

(d/w)

5.6 ± 1.8

5.5 ± 1.7

 Driving distances (km/year)

% (n)

   ≤ 4999

40.3 (144)

36.5 (419)

   5000–10000

37.0 (132)

43.9 (504)

   ≥ 10000

22.7 (81)

19.5 (224)

Near-miss traffic incidents

% (n)

7.3 (26)

13.0 (149)

Traffic Crash Involvement

% (n)

7.0 (25)

9.2 (105)

Near-miss traffic incidents at follow-up

% (n)

9.8 (35)

12.0 (128)

Traffic Crash Involvement at follow-up

% (n)

7.8 (28)

5.5 (63)