Fig. 2

Mediation model of exercise participation, frailty/pre-frailty, and traffic crash involvement at follow-up. The model is adjusted for age, sex, years of education, economic status, living alone, smoking, alcohol consumption, clinical history of hip pain using these three analyses. In addition to the above covariates, when analyzing condition (1) and (3), history of traffic crash involvement and history of near-miss traffic incidents at baseline are also included