Table 1 Demographic characteristics and descriptive statistics (N = 3,396)
Total sample (n = 3,396) | Urban residents (n = 930) | Rural residents (n = 2,466) | χ2 or t | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Adult child Status | ||||
Child educational attainment (years), mean (SD), range [0,22] | 8.94(4.23) | 11.46(3.77) | 7.99(4.01) | -22.84*** |
Child income level, mean (SD), range [1,12] | 6.86 (2.02) | 7.40(2.04) | 6.65(1.98) | -9.65*** |
Child health status, mean (SD), range [1,5] | 3.78 (0.98) | 3.77(0.93) | 3.78(1.00) | 0.21 |
Intergenerational Support | ||||
Frequency of meeting, mean (SD), range [1,9] | 5.22(2.49) | 5.82(2.47) | 4.99(2.46) | -8.69*** |
Financial support in logarithmic form, mean (SD), range [0,12.22] | 6.26(2.75) | 6.48(2.80) | 6.18(2.72) | -2.89** |
Older parents’ covariates | ||||
Age (years), mean (SD), range [60,108] | 68.26(6.20) | 69.36(6.51) | 67.84(6.03) | -6.42*** |
Male (ref. female), n (%) | 1,759(51.80) | 508(54.62) | 1,251(50.73) | -4.10* |
Educational attainment (years), mean (SD), range [0,19] | 5.03(4.15) | 7.33(4.24) | 4.16(3.69) | -21.38*** |
Have a spouse (ref. no), n (%) | 2,528(74.44) | 679(73.01) | 1,849(74.98) | 1.38 |
Pension (in logarithmic form), mean (SD) | 6.66(3.46) | 8.99(3.04) | 5.79(3.20) | -26.40*** |
Have health insurance, n (%) | 3,254(95.82) | 904(97.20) | 2350(95.30) | 6.14* |
ADL disability, mean (SD), range [0,18] | 0.67(1.71) | 0.59(1.76) | 0.71(1.69) | 1.80 |
IADL disability, mean (SD), range [0,18] | 1.12(2.60) | 0.99(2.61) | 1.17(2.59) | 1.84 |
Chronic condition status, mean (SD), range [0,2] | 1.60(0.68) | 1.67(0.64) | 1.57(0.70) | -3.83*** |
Child covariates | ||||
Child age (years), mean (SD), range [18,90] | 43.09(7.30) | 43.83(7.39) | 42.81(7.25) | -3.51*** |
Male child (ref. female), n (%) | 1,522(44.82) | 444(47.74) | 1078(43.71) | 4.43* |
Number of male children, mean (SD), range [0,7] | 1.52(0.97) | 1.29(0.92) | 1.61(0.97) | 8.52*** |
Number of children, mean (SD), range [1,10] | 2.97(1.30) | 2.51(1.18) | 3.14(1.30) | 13.04*** |
Child has a spouse (ref.no), n (%) | 3,145(92.61) | 856(92.04) | 2,289(92.82) | 0.60 |
Have other fully co-resident children, n (%) | 910(26.80) | 234(25.16) | 676(27.41) | 1.75 |
Depressive symptoms | ||||
CES-D, mean (SD), range [0,30] | 9.38(6.58) | 7.38(6.01) | 10.13(6.62) | 11.09*** |