Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics between the malnutrition group and non-malnutrition group

Age, years^&

88.00 (9.00)

80.00 (18.00)

-7.109

< 0.001

1.081

1.056–1.107

< 0.001

Age group, n (%)^Δ

60–64 years

4 (2.9%)

26 (8.1%)

47.463

< 0.001

Reference

65–69 years

6 (4.4%)

53 (16.6%)

0.736

0.191–2.837

0.656

70–74 years

7 (5.2%)

43 (13.4%)

1.058

0.282–3.967

0.933

75–79 years

7 (5.2%)

36 (11.2%)

1.264

0.335–4.769

0.730

80–84 years

17 (12.5%)

45 (14.1%)

2.456

0.746–8.083

0.139

≥ 85 years

95 (69.8%)

117 (36.6%)

5.278

1.780-15.649

0.003

Sex, n (%) ^Δ

Male

92 (67.6%)

218 (68.1%)

0.010

0.920

0.978

0.637–1.503

0.920

Female

44 (32.4%)

102 (31.9%)

Reference

Marital status, n (%)^Δ

Married

97 (71.3%)

260 (81.3%)

5.533

0.019

Reference

Divorced or widowed

39 (28.7%)

60 (18.7%)

1.742

1.094–2.776

0.019

Educational level, n (%)*

< 1 year

3 (2.2%)

6 (1.9%)

3.545

0.469

Reference

1-5years

15 (11.0%)

20 (6.3%)

1.500

0.322–6.991

0.606

6–9 years

36 (26.5%)

98 (30.6%)

0.735

0.174–3.093

0.674

10–12 years

75 (55.1%)

179 (55.9%)

0.838

0.204–3.439

0.806

≥ 13 years

7 (5.1%)

17 (5.3%)

0.824

0.159–4.253

0.817

Physical activity, n (%)^Δ

> 3 times per week

14 (10.3%)

57 (17.8%)

53.049

< 0.001

Reference

1–3 times per week

32 (23.5%)

168 (52.5%)

0.776

0.387–1.556

0.474

< 1 time per week

90 (66.2%)

95 (29.7%)

3.857

2.010–7.402

< 0.001

Social activity, n (%)^Δ

> 3 times per week

29 (21.3%)

163 (50.9%)

52.598

< 0.001

Reference

1–3 times per week

24 (17.7%)

73 (22.8%)

1.848

1.007–3.391

0.047

< 1 time per week

83 (61.0%)

84 (26.3%)

5.554

3.375–9.139

< 0.001

History of smoking, n (%)^Δ

Yes

9 (6.6%)

29 (9.1%)

0.747

0.387

0.711

0.327–1.546

0.389

No

127 (93.4%)

291 (90.9%)

Reference

Consumption of alcohol, n (%)^Δ

Yes

7 (5.1%)

30 (9.4%)

2.288

0.130

0.525

0.225–1.225

0.136

No

129 (94.9%)

290 (90.6%)

Reference

Dietary habit, n (%)^Δ

Balanced

95 (69.9%)

294 (91.9%)

36.927

< 0.001

Reference

Unbalanced

41 (30.1%)

26 (8.1%)

4.880

2.835-8.400

< 0.001

Hypertension, n (%)^Δ

Yes

100 (73.5%)

245 (76.6%)

0.477

0.490

0.850

0.537–1.348

0.490

No

36 (26.5%)

75 (23.4%)

Reference

CHD, n (%)^Δ

Yes

58 (42.6%)

128 (40.0%)

0.277

0.599

1.115

0.743–1.675

0.599

No

78 (57.4%)

192 (60.0%)

Reference

Atherosclerosis, n (%)^Δ

Yes

87 (64.0%)

189 (59.1%)

0.962

0.327

1.231

0.813–1.864

0.327

No

49 (36.0%)

131 (40.9%)

Reference

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)^Δ

Yes

18 (13.2%)

34 (10.6%)

0.644

0.422

1.283

0.697–2.362

0.423

No

118 (86.8%)

286 (89.4%)

Reference

Heart failure, n (%)^Δ

Yes

22 (16.2%)

6 (1.9%)

33.870

< 0.001

10.099

3.994–25.540

< 0.001

No

114 (83.8%)

314 (98.1%)

Reference

Stroke, n (%)^Δ

Yes

46 (33.8%)

111 (34.7%)

0.032

0.859

0.962

0.630–1.470

0.859

No

90 (66.2%)

209 (65.3%)

Reference

Parkinson’s disease, n (%)^Δ

Yes

1 (0.7%)

7 (2.2%)

0.477

0.490

0.331

0.040–2.718

0.304

No

135 (99.3%)

313 (97.8%)

Reference

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)^Δ

Yes

39 (28.7%)

132 (41.2%)

6.438

0.011

0.573

0.371–0.883

0.012

No

97 (71.3%)

188 (58.8%)

Reference

Dyslipidemia, n (%)^Δ

Yes

30 (22.1%)

137 (42.8%)

17.710

< 0.001

0.378

0.238-0.600

< 0.001

No

106 (77.9%)

183 (57.2%)

Reference

Metabolic syndrome, n (%)^Δ

Yes

5 (3.7%)

39 (12.2%)

7.930

0.005

0.275

0.106–0.714

0.008

No

131 (96.3%)

281 (87.8%)

Reference

OSAHS, n (%)^Δ

Yes

20 (14.7%)

29 (9.1%)

3.169

0.075

1.730

0.941–3.181

0.078

No

116 (85.3%)

291 (90.9%)

Reference

Liver disease, n (%)^Δ

Yes

6 (4.4%)

15 (4.7%)

0.017

0.898

0.938

0.356–2.473

0.898

No

130 (95.6%)

305 (95.3%)

Reference

CKD, n (%)^Δ

Yes

37 (27.2%)

49 (15.3%)

8.822

0.003

2.067

1.273–3.357

0.003

No

99 (72.8%)

271 (84.7%)

Reference

Depression, n (%)^Δ

Yes

13 (9.6%)

11 (3.4%)

7.172

0.007

2.969

1.295–6.807

0.010

No

123 (90.4%)

309 (96.6%)

Reference

Anxiety, n (%)^Δ

Yes

15 (11.0%)

21 (6.6%)

2.619

0.106

1.765

0.881–3.538

0.109

No

121 (89.0%)

299 (93.4%)

Reference

Cognitive impairment, n (%)^Δ

Yes

45 (33.1%)

58 (18.1%)

12.221

< 0.001

2.234

1.415–3.526

0.001

No

91 (66.9%)

262 (81.9%)

Reference

Frailty, n (%)^Δ

Yes

89 (65.4%)

99 (30.9%)

46.891

< 0.001

4.227

2.762–6.469

< 0.001

No

47 (34.6%)

221 (69.1%)

Reference

Constipation, n (%)^Δ

Yes

31 (22.8%)

51 (15.9%)

3.042

0.081

1.557

0.944–2.568

0.083

No

105 (77.2%)

269 (84.1%)

Reference

BMI, kg/m^{2 &}

18.88 (3.80)

24.44 (3.80)

-12.558

< 0.001

0.584

0.527–0.646

< 0.001

MAC, cm^&

21.50 (3.00)

27.00 (4.00)

-13.358

< 0.001

0.579

0.522–0.641

< 0.001

Calf circumference, cm^&

29.00 (4.78)

34.00 (4.08)

-12.192

< 0.001

0.674

0.623–0.729

< 0.001

Hemoglobin, g/L^&

114.00 (25.50)

132.00 (23.00)

-8.183

< 0.001

0.961

0.951–0.972

< 0.001

ALT, IU/ml^&

14.00 (10.75)

17.10 (11.10)

-3.463

0.001

0.993

0.978–1.008

0.366

Albumin, g/L^&

35.75 (6.77)

37.80 (4.90)

-5.027

< 0.001

0.880

0.837–0.924

< 0.001

Creatinine, µmol/L^&

74.50 (35.05)

73.05 (30.85)

-0.532

0.595

1.001

0.998–1.004

0.370

Urea, mmol/L^&

6.68 (4.67)

5.87 (2.47)

-2.155

0.031

1.052

1.003–1.104

0.036

Uric acid, µmol/L^#

301.16 ± 106.35

344.82 ± 94.11

-4.356

< 0.001

0.995

0.993–0.998

< 0.001

eGFR, ml/min/1.73m^{2 #}

72.88 ± 25.41

80.42 ± 27.58

-2.735

0.006

0.989

0.982–0.997

0.007

FBG, mmol/L^&

5.11 (1.45)

5.41 (1.53)

-2.767

0.006

0.958

0.866–1.059

0.402

Triglyceride, mmol/L^&

0.91 (0.54)

1.17 (0.83)

-5.333

< 0.001

0.500

0.349–0.715

< 0.001

Total cholesterol, mmol/L^&

3.91 (1.61)

4.06 (1.46)

-2.207

0.027

0.808

0.662–0.985

0.035

HDL-C, mmol/L^&

1.23 (0.51)

1.09 (0.40)

-4.312

< 0.001

3.968

2.142–7.352

< 0.001

LDL-C, mmol/L^&

2.08 (1.16)

2.41 (1.26)

-3.412

0.001

0.627

0.484–0.812

< 0.001