Instrumental activities of daily living and self-rated health in community-dwelling older adults: cross-sectional findings from the HUNT Study (HUNT4 Trondheim 70+)

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of participants with and without IADL limitation at baseline (n = 1104)

Variables	IADL limitation (n = 127)	No IADL limitation (n = 977)
Poor self-rated health	64 (50.4)	113 (11.6)
Gender, women	71 (55.9)	526 (53.8)
Age in years, mean (SD)	81.5 (6.6)	75.7 (4.4)
Living alone	54 (42.5)	290 (29.7)
Educational level
High Medium Low	54 (42.5) 45 (35.4) 28 (22)	530 (54.2) 374 (38.3) 73 (7.5)
Physical activity
About every day 2–3 times a week Once a week Never or less than once a week	26 (20.5) 46 (36.2) 17 (13.4) 38 (29.9)	392 (40.1) 449 (46.0) 83 (8.5) 53 (5.4)
Gait speed (meter/second)
Score, mean (SD)	0.77 (0.24)	1.06 (0.23)
Quartiles
Q1 (1.19+)	5 (3.9)	261 (26.7)
Q2 (1.19–1.03)	9 (7.1)	273 (27.9)
Q3 (1.03–0.87) Q4 (< 0.87)	28 (22.0) 85 (66.9)	251 (25.7) 192 (19.7)
Grip strength (kilogram), women
Score, mean (SD)	21.95 (5.72)	25.70 (4.90)
Grip strength (kilogram), men
Score, mean (SD)	34.13 (8.92)	42.25 (7.22)
Depressive symptoms
HADS-score^c, mean (SD) HADS ≥8	4.4 (2.9) 20 (15.7)	2.6 (2.3) 42 (4.3)
Limiting long-term illness	102 (80.3)	407 (41.7)
Cognitive function
MoCA-score^d, mean (SD) No cognitive impairment Mild cognitive impairment Dementia	21.9 (4.8) 61 (48.0) 37 (29.1) 29 (22.8)	24.4 (3.2) 585 (59.9) 353 (36.1) 39 (4.0)

IADL; Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. HUNT; The Trøndelag Health Study. Data are presented as numbers and percentage (%) and as mean and standard deviation (SD). Educational level, high = less or more than four years of tertiary education, medium = secondary school or an apprenticeship, low = primary school. Physical activity was divided into quartiles: never or less than once a week, once a week, 2–3 times a week, about every day. Gait speed were divided intro quartiles, Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. Grip strength as gender adjusted z-score. Depressive symptoms are defined as score ≥8 on ^cHospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Cognitive function assessed with ^dMontreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)-score

ISSN: 1471-2318