Changes in older persons’ lifestyle and perceived health over time and during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the extended follow-up of the FINGER randomized controlled trial from 2009 to 2020

Lehtisalo, Jenni; Sääskilahti, Maria; Härkänen, Tommi; Kulmala, Jenni; Hemiö, Katri; Siltanen, Sini; Zhi, Zhou; Mangialasche, Francesca; Laatikainen, Tiina; Strandberg, Timo; Antikainen, Riitta; Tuomilehto, Jaakko; Soininen, Hilkka; Kivipelto, Miia; Ngandu, Tiia

doi:10.1186/s12877-025-05979-6

Table 2 Temporal changes in lifestyle variables in the different groups and differences between the groups

From: Changes in older persons’ lifestyle and perceived health over time and during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from the extended follow-up of the FINGER randomized controlled trial from 2009 to 2020

	Intervention			Control			Difference between groups (intervention-control)
	Contrast	SE	p-value	Contrast	SE	p-value	Contrast	SE	p-value
Physical activity^a
1y-Baseline	0.250	0.098	0.010	−0.047	0.095	0.620	0.297	0.141	0.034
2y-Baseline	0.161	0.095	0.090	−0.058	0.095	0.540	0.219	0.138	0.112
5y-Baseline	0.071	0.096	0.460	−0.220	0.104	0.035	0.290	0.144	0.044
7y-Baseline	−0.096	0.097	0.323	−0.201	0.104	0.053	0.105	0.137	0.445
Pandemic-Baseline	0.597	0.106	<0.001	0.762	0.096	<0.001	−0.165	0.130	0.205
Cognitive activity^b
1y-Baseline	0.281	0.180	0.118	0.482	0.177	0.007	−0.201	0.253	0.427
2y-Baseline	0.539	0.182	0.003	0.379	0.181	0.037	0.160	0.256	0.532
5y-Baseline	0.268	0.196	0.173	0.293	0.192	0.127	−0.025	0.274	0.928
7y-Baseline	0.129	0.202	0.523	0.030	0.203	0.881	0.099	0.286	0.729
Pandemic-Baseline	0.213	0.214	0.320	0.509	0.212	0.016	−0.296	0.299	0.322
Social activity^b
1y-Baseline	0.053	0.110	0.637	0.302	0.109	0.005	−0.249	0.155	0.108
2y-Baseline	0.136	0.111	0.223	0.250	0.111	0.025	−0.114	0.157	0.468
5y-Baseline	−0.123	0.120	0.304	−0.032	0.117	0.782	−0.091	0.168	0.588
7y-Baseline	−0.101	0.124	0.414	−0.417	0.124	0.001	0.316	0.175	0.071
Pandemic-Baseline	−0.875	0.131	<0.001	−0.913	0.129	<0.001	0.037	0.183	0.839
Fish^b
1y-Baseline	0.222	0.068	0.001	0.018	0.067	0.788	0.204	0.095	0.033
2y-Baseline	0.285	0.069	<0.001	0.087	0.069	0.205	0.198	0.097	0.041
5y-Baseline	0.290	0.074	<0.001	0.008	0.072	0.908	0.282	0.103	0.006
7y-Baseline	0.258	0.076	<0.001	0.027	0.077	0.724	0.231	0.108	0.033
Fruits and berries^a
1y-Baseline	0.190	0.064	0.003	−0.076	0.061	0.208	0.267	0.094	0.005
2y-Baseline	0.048	0.057	0.398	−0.014	0.058	0.805	0.063	0.083	0.448
5y-Baseline	0.195	0.064	0.002	0.040	0.057	0.486	0.156	0.086	0.071
7y-Baseline	0.129	0.060	0.030	0.018	0.057	0.747	0.111	0.084	0.186
Vegetables and roots^a
1y-Baseline	0.175	0.062	0.004	−0.092	0.059	0.120	0.268	0.093	0.004
2y-Baseline	0.117	0.058	0.043	−0.036	0.057	0.534	0.153	0.084	0.070
5y-Baseline	0.102	0.057	0.070	−0.048	0.058	0.400	0.151	0.084	0.071
7y-Baseline	0.227	0.066	<0.001	−0.075	0.059	0.204	0.302	0.096	0.002
Smoking^a
1y-Baseline	−0.237	0.088	0.007	−0.002	0.095	0.980	−0.234	0.129	0.070
2y-Baseline	−0.353	0.104	0.001	−0.075	0.094	0.426	−0.278	0.139	0.046
5y-Baseline	−0.550	0.151	<0.001	−0.767	0.191	<0.001	0.217	0.243	0.373
7y-Baseline	−0.789	0.182	<0.001	−0.725	0.199	<0.001	−0.064	0.267	0.812
Pandemic-Baseline	−1.118	0.238	<0.001	−0.843	0.225	<0.001	−0.275	0.325	0.398
Alcohol use^a
1y-Baseline	−0.137	0.103	0.185	−0.093	0.105	0.378	−0.044	0.144	0.759
2y-Baseline	−0.168	0.104	0.104	−0.134	0.107	0.211	−0.035	0.143	0.808
5y-Baseline	−0.373	0.117	0.001	−0.274	0.116	0.018	−0.099	0.143	0.488
7y-Baseline	−0.460	0.126	<0.001	−0.427	0.131	0.001	−0.032	0.143	0.821
Pandemic-Baseline	−0.895	0.196	<0.001	−0.841	0.196	<0.001	−0.055	0.142	0.700
Binge drinking^a
1y-Baseline	−0.089	0.065	0.172	−0.056	0.058	0.334	−0.033	0.072	0.646
2y-Baseline	−0.139	0.079	0.079	−0.073	0.061	0.230	−0.065	0.074	0.375
5y-Baseline	−0.227	0.108	0.036	−0.177	0.091	0.053	−0.050	0.070	0.476
7y-Baseline	−0.309	0.137	0.024	−0.248	0.115	0.031	−0.061	0.069	0.375
Pandemic-Baseline	−0.226	0.109	0.038	−0.118	0.073	0.108	−0.108	0.079	0.173
Self-evaluated health^a
1y-Baseline	0.095	0.040	0.017	0.031	0.039	0.428	0.065	0.056	0.253
2y-Baseline	0.094	0.040	0.019	0.046	0.039	0.233	0.048	0.056	0.396
5y-Baseline	−0.056	0.040	0.160	−0.069	0.041	0.095	0.013	0.056	0.819
7y-Baseline	−0.140	0.044	0.001	−0.171	0.047	<0.001	0.030	0.057	0.597
Pandemic-Baseline	−0.261	0.058	<0.001	−0.276	0.061	<0.001	0.015	0.058	0.791
Self-evaluated memory^a
1y-Baseline	0.107	0.042	0.011	0.046	0.037	0.220	0.062	0.056	0.273
2y-Baseline	0.136	0.044	0.002	0.093	0.038	0.013	0.042	0.056	0.444
5y-Baseline	0.047	0.039	0.228	−0.049	0.040	0.225	0.096	0.059	0.101
7y-Baseline	0.006	0.038	0.884	−0.070	0.043	0.101	0.075	0.057	0.189
Pandemic-Baseline	−0.071	0.043	0.101	−0.116	0.049	0.019	0.045	0.056	0.418

Changes in lifestyle variables in the intervention and control groups, and differences between the groups during the active study period (up to 2 years) and post-intervention follow-up (up to the COVID-19 pandemic). Contrasts with their standard errors and p-values are presented; positive values refer to increase and negative values to decrease
^aGeneralized estimating equations (GEE) used in analysis
^bLinear mixed-effects regression model used in analysis

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