Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants overall and by living alone

Demographics, % (n)

 Age (years), mean, SD

 Female

77.5 ± 8.2

61.7 (1,249)

77.4 ± 8.4

69.0 (412)

77.6 ± 8.1

58.5 (834)

0.64

< 0.001

 Race

0.008

  White/Caucasian

  Black/African American

  American Indian/Alaskan Native

  Asian

  Other Pacific Islander

  Other/unknown

15.0 (303)

35.0 (709)

0.3 (6)

3.2 (64)

0.3 (6)

46.3 (938)

16.4 (98)

35.2 (210)

0.34 (2)

1.01 (6)

0.67 (4)

46.4 (277)

14.3 (204)

35.0 (499)

0.3 (4)

4 (57)

0.1 (2)

46.3 (659)

 Ethnicity

0.15

  Hispanic/Latino

  Non-Hispanic/Latino

42.2 (855)

52.3 (1,059)

45.1 (269)

50.4 (301)

41.0 (584)

53.1 (756)

Social Factors, % (n)

 Lonely

 Need for Interpreter

 Social work referral

11.6 (229)

23.3 (471)

33.4 (676)

18.6 (110)

19.8 (118)

38.4 (229)

8.6 (119)

24.7 (352)

31.4 (447)

< 0.001

0.04

0.002

 Marital Status

< 0.001

  Married

  Widowed

  Divorced

  Single

  Legally Separated

  Significant Other

  Other/Unknown

33.5 (697)

22.3 (452)

8.6 (175)

29.9 (605)

3.3 (67)

0.9 (18)

1.5 (30)

8.9 (53)

29.5 (176)

13.9 (83)

41.7 (249)

4.2 (25)

0.3 (2)

1.5 (9)

43.8 (624)

19.4 (276)

6.5 (92)

24.8 (354)

3.0 (42)

1.1 (16)

1.5 (21)

Functional Status

 Disability in ADLs, % (n)

  Grooming

  Bathing

  Toilet transfer

  Transferring

  Ambulation

 Fall in past 12 months, % (n)

75.0 (1516)

88.1 (1780)

97.7 (1975)

98.9 (1998)

93.0 (1879)

10.5 (213)

68.7 (410)

86.3 (515)

97.0 (579)

98.7 (589)

90.6 (541)

11.4 (68)

77.7 (1,106)

88.8 (1,265)

98.0 (1,396)

99.0 (1,409)

94.0 (1,338)

10.2 (145)

< 0.001

0.10

0.15

0.56

0.007

0.42

Sensory Impairment, % (n)

 Hearing

 Vision

22.4 (452)

32.5 (657)

22.1 (132)

34.3 (205)

22.5 (320)

31.7 (452)

0.86

0.26

Comorbidities

 Comorbid conditions, mean, SD

 Depression (PHQ-2), % (n)

 Cognitive Status (BIMS), mean, SD, range 0–15

3.2 ± 1.8

15.3 (302)

13.3 ± 3.1

3.3 ± 1.8

16.4 (97)

13.6 ± 2.7

3.2 ± 1.8

14.9 (205)

13.1 ± 3.3

0.19

0.39

0.005

Disease Self-management, % (n)

 High-risk drug use

 Polypharmacy

 Non-adherence

 Decline in past 3 months*

 Multiple hospital readmissions

10.6 (214)

96.5 (1,956)

44.8 (908)

28.1 (569)

49.5 (1002)

10.1 (60)

97.0 (579)

48.9 (292)

28.5 (170)

51.8 (309)

10.8 (154)

96.6 (1,376)

43.2 (615)

28.0 (399)

48.6 (693)

0.61

0.63

0.02

0.83

0.20