Table 4 Results of the linear regression for the independence index as the outcome(dependent) variable. The mean score of the independence index for each independent variable is presented with the corresponding crude and adjusted Coeficients(coef) and CIs. Significant relationships are shown in bold

Age group

60–64

5.2 ± 12.6

65–69

7.3 ± 16.6

2.120(-1.019,5.260)

0.185

2.039(-0.942,5.021)

0.180

70–74

12.7 ± 19.9

7.458(4.278,10.637)

< 0.001

5.077(2.018,8.136)

0.001

75–79

15.4 ± 20.5

10.229(6.094,14.364)

< 0.001

6.554(2.528,10.579)

0.001

> 80

28.3 ± 28.6

23.114(19.231,26.996)

< 0.001

17.509(13.531,21.489)

< 0.001

Sex

Male

10.6 ± 20.5

Female

11.1 ± 19.1

0.501(-1.998,3.002)

0.694

-4.277(-8.081,-0.474)

0.028

Residence

Urban

8.1 ± 17.2

Rural

15.3 ± 22.3

7.192(4.693,9.690)

< 0.001

4.475(2.156,6.794)

< 0.001

Marital status

Single

15.8 ± 23.4

Married

8.9 ± 17.5

-6.899(-9.587, -4.211)

< 0.001

-1.771(-4.896,1.353)

0.266

Employment Status

Freelancer

7.3 ± 15.5

Unemployed

19.9 ± 26.7

12.638(7.497,17.779)

< 0.001

6.524(1.678,11.371

< 0.001

Housekeeper

11.6 ± 19.5

4.311(0.911,7.710)

0.013

4.381(0.113,8.649)

0.044

Retired/Government Job

9.3 ± 19.1

1.983(-1.701,5.669)

0.291

2.512(-0.889,5.912)

0.148

Chronic Health Conditions

Yes

12.1 ± 20.7

No

6 ± 13.7

-6.107(-9.174,-3.039)

< 0.001

-3.074(-5.886,-0.262)

0.032

Smoking

Yes

7.5 ± 15.1

No

11.2 ± 20.1

3.694(-0.729,8.118)

0.102

4.462(0.167,8.758)

0.042

Educational Level

Illiterate

16.2 ± 22.7

Reading/writing

8.2 ± 17.9

-8.058(-11.374,-4.742)

< 0.001

-6.148(-9.202,-3.093)

< 0.001

Elementary

6.6 ± 15.3

-9.718(-12.797,-6.638)

< 0.001

-4.809(-7.753,-1.864)

0.001

High school

4.2 ± 13.1

-12.096(-16.918,-7.273)

< 0.001

-5.633(-10.147,-1.119)

0.015

Diploma and higher

4.6 ± 11.3

-11.649(-16.629,-6.670)

< 0.001

-7.855(-12.707,-3.003)

0.002

Financial status

Enough

10.1 ± 19.3

Not enough

13.1 ± 20.5

3.033(0.262,5.804)

0.032

-0.110(-2.785,2.565)

0.936

Living

cohabiting

10.1 ± 19.1

alone

15.7 ± 22.5

5.668(2.150,9.187)

0.002

0.423(-3.505,4.350)

0.833

Someone takes care of them

Yes

20.9 ± 27

No

8.1 ± 15.9

-12.902(-15.788,-10.106)

< 0.001

-9.670(-12.435,-6.905)

< 0.001

Takes care of someone

Yes

10.1 ± 17.9

No

11.1 ± 20.1

0.963(-2.223,4.150)

0.553

2.635(-0.207,5.478)

0.069

Substance use

Yes

12.8 ± 22.4

No

10.8 ± 19.6

-1.925(-9.744,5.893)

0.629

-5.100-12.418,2.217)

0.172

Using sleeping pills

Yes

16.6 ± 23.4

No

9.9 ± 18.7

-6.787(-10.226,-3.348)

< 0.001

-3.807(-7.061,-0.553)

0.022

Financial status

independent

9.2 ± 18.4

dependent

16.1 ± 22.4

6.759(3.882,9.637)

< 0.001

1.629(-1.408,4.665)

0.293

Depression

Yes

16.8 ± 26.2

No

10.3 ± 18.9

-6.467(-10.902,-2.031)

0.004

-5.181(-9.339,-1.022)

0.015