Table 1 The baseline characteristics of the study population

Age, mean (standardized deviation)

79 (8)

Age group, n (%)

 65–74 years

52 (32%)

 75–84 years

64 (40%)

 85 + years

44 (28%)

Sex, n (%)

 Female

72 (45%)

 Male

88 (55%)

Marriage

55 (34%)

Satisfaction with family support

149 (93%)

Household income: wealthy or well-off, n (%)

17 (11%)

Level of education, n (%)

 Illiterate

33 (21)

 Elementary school

62 (39)

 High school or above

65 (41)

Body mass index, mean (standardized deviation)

23.5 (4.0)

Body mass index, n (%)

 < 18 kg/m²

10 (6%)

 18–24 kg/m²

99 (62%)

 25 + kg/m²

51 (32%)

Number of medicines used, mean (standardized deviation)

3.2 (3.5)

Number of medicines used, n (%)

 0–1

48 (30%)

 2–4

79 (49%)

 5+

33 (21%)

Charlson comorbidity index, mean (standardized deviation)

2.3 (1.9)

Charlson comorbidity index, n (%)

0

33 (21%)

1–2

63 (39%)

3–4

42 (26%)

5+

22 (14%)

Comorbidity, n (%)

 Diabetes without chronic complications

48 (30%)

 Renal disease

44 (28%)

 Any malignancy

31 (19%)

 Cerebrovascular disease

28 (18%)

 Congestive heart failure

23 (14%)

 Peptic ulcer

19 (12%)

 Chronic pulmonary disease

18 (11%)

 Mild liver disease

13 (8.1%)

 Diabetes with chronic complications

13 (8.1%)

 Myocardial infarction

12 (7.5%)

 Dementia

11 (6.9%)

 Rheumatic disease

5 (3.1%)

 Hemiplegia or paraplegia

3 (1.9%)

 Peripheral vascular disease

2 (1.2%)

 Moderate to severe liver disease

1 (0.6%)

 Metastatic Solid Tumor

0 (0%)

 Human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

0 (0%)

Cognitive impairment, n (%)

31 (19%)

Depression, n (%)

56 (35%)

Pain, n (%)

79 (49%)

Urinary incontinence, n (%)

37 (23%)

Falls, n (%)

65 (41%)

Activities of daily living scale, mean (standardized deviation)

7 (10)

Activities of daily living scale, median (p25, p75)

0 (0, 10.3)

Clinical frailty scale, mean (standardized deviation)

3.5 (1.8)

Clinical frailty scale, median (p25, p75)

3 (2, 5)

Social loneliness, mean (standardized deviation)

1.5 (2)

Social loneliness, median (p25, p75)

0 (0, 4)

Emotional loneliness, mean (standardized deviation)

1.2 (1.5)

Emotional loneliness, median (p25, p75)

1 (0, 2)

Malnutrition universal screening tool, mean (standardized deviation)

0.43 (0.9)

Malnutrition universal screening tool, median (p25, p75)

0 (0, 0)

Quality of life, mean (standardized deviation)

0.74 (0.26)

Quality of life, median (p25, p75)

0.8 (0.6, 1.0)