Table 1 Sample characteristics
Full sample (N = 15406) | No CHE (N = 11873) | CHE, 10% threshold (N = 3533) | |
|---|---|---|---|
CES-D 10 score, mean (SD) | 9.0(6.5) | 8.4(6.2) | 10.2(6.8) |
Age, mean (SD) | 67.96(6.28) | 68.56(6.49) | 68.10(6.33) |
Income | |||
Low | 5494(35.7) | 4296(36.2) | 1198(33.9) |
Medium | 5039(32.7) | 3846(32.4) | 1193(33.8) |
High | 4873(31.6) | 3731(31.4) | 1142(32.3) |
Social activity | |||
No | 8192(53.2) | 6186(52.1) | 2006(56.8) |
Yes | 7213(46.8) | 5687(47.9) | 1526(43.2) |
Sex | |||
Male | 7670(49.8) | 5857(49.3) | 1813(51.3) |
Female | 7736(50.2) | 6016(50.7) | 1720(48.7) |
Education | |||
Less than lower secondary | 14,159(91.9) | 10,893(91.8) | 3266(92.4) |
Upper secondary & vocational training | 969(6.3) | 747(6.3) | 222(6.3) |
Tertiary | 278(1.8) | 233(2.0) | 45(1.3) |
location | |||
Urban | 5857(38.0) | 4463(37.6) | 1394(39.5) |
Rural | 9549(62.0) | 7410(62.4) | 2139(60.5) |
Marriage | |||
No spouse | 3258(21.2) | 2557(21.5) | 701(19.8) |
Having spouse | 12,148(78.9) | 9316(78.5) | 2832(80.2) |
Work | |||
No | 7585(49.8) | 5525(47.0) | 2060(59.0) |
Yes | 7660(50.3) | 6228(53.0) | 1432(41.0) |
Public health Insurance | |||
No | 837(5.5) | 689(5.9) | 148(4.3) |
Yes | 14,405(94.5) | 11,067(94.1) | 3338(95.8) |
Number of living children | 3.0(1.7) | 3.0(1.6) | 3.0(1.7) |
Drinking alcohol | |||
No | 10,761(69.9) | 8054(67.9) | 2707(76.6) |
Yes | 4640(30.1) | 3815(32.1) | 825(23.4) |
Smoking | |||
No | 11,112(76.0) | 8389(74.5) | 2723(81.0) |
Yes | 3517(24.0) | 2879(25.6) | 638(19.0) |
ADL | |||
No | 11,025(71.6) | 8785(74.0) | 2240(63.4) |
Yes | 4381(28.4) | 3088(26.0) | 1293(36.6) |
IADL | |||
No | 10,629(69.0) | 8563(72.1) | 2066(58.5) |
Yes | 4777(31.0) | 3310(27.9) | 1467(41.5) |
Chronic disease | |||
No | 1963(12.7) | 1687(14.2) | 276(7.8) |
Yes | 13,443(87.3) | 10,186(85.8) | 3257(92.2) |
Out-of-pocket health expenditure (thousand yuan) | 4.37(20.65) | 0.10(0.45) | 12.06(33.19) |