Table 3 Distributions of baseline characteristics with regard to traditional cognitive-frailty (CF), CF phenotype, motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCRS) and physio-cognitive decline syndrome (PCDS) during a 2-year study period
From: Comparisons of four cognitive-frailty measures in predicting dementia and disability
Characteristics | All (N = 505) mean ± SD or n (%) | Traditional CF (N = 39) mean ± SD or n (%) | CF phenotype (N = 144) mean ± SD or n (%) | MCRS (N = 51) mean ± SD or n (%) | PCDS (N = 90) mean ± SD or n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 70.7 ± 5.0 | 72.2 ± 5.3* | 71.6 ± 5.5* | 74.6 ± 5.7* | 73.5 ± 5.4* |
Sex | |||||
 Men | 173 (34.3) | 8 (20.5) | 31 (22.9)* | 13 (25.5) | 24 (26.7) |
 Women | 332 (65.7) | 31 (79.5) | 111 (77.1) | 38 (74.5) | 66 (73.3) |
Educational level | |||||
 College or above | 268 (53.1) | 15 (38.5) | 55 (38.2)* | 21 (41.2) | 23 (25.6)* |
 Senior and junior high | 174 (34.5) | 19 (48.7) | 62 (43.1) | 22 (43.1) | 34 (37.8) |
 Elementary or below | 63 (12.5) | 5 (7.9) | 27 (18.8) | 8 (15.7) | 33 (36.7) |
Monthly household income (NTD) | |||||
 Low (< 49,999) | 239 (47.3) | 19 (48.7) | 85 (59.0)* | 27 (52.9) | 58 (64.4)* |
 Middle (50,000 ~ 99,999) | 186 (36.8) | 16 (41.0) | 42 (29.2) | 18 (35.3) | 24 (26.7) |
 High (≥ 100,000) | 80 (16.2) | 4 (10.3) | 17 (11.8) | 6 (11.8) | 8 (8.9) |
Body-mass index | |||||
 Underweight | 31 (6.1) | 2 (5.1) | 8 (5.6) | 3 (5.9) | 4 (4.4)* |
 Normal weight | 131 (25.9) | 6 (15.4) | 27 (18.8) | 11 (21.6) | 13 (14.4) |
 Overweight | 144 (28.5) | 15 (38.5) | 43 (29.9) | 16 (31.4) | 29 (32.2) |
 Obesity | 199 (39.4) | 16 (41.0) | 66 (45.8) | 21 (41.2) | 44 (48.9) |
Regular exercise (≥ 3 times per week) | |||||
 No | 91 (18.0) | 24 (61.5)* | 52 (36.1)* | 20 (39.2)* | 15 (16.7) |
 Yes | 414 (82.0) | 15 (38.5) | 92 (63.9) | 31 (60.8) | 75 (83.3) |
Current smoking | |||||
 No | 484 (95.8) | 36 (92.3) | 136 (94.4) | 48 (94.1) | 88 (97.8) |
 Yes | 21 (4.2) | 3 (7.7) | 8 (5.6) | 3 (5.9) | 2 (2.2) |
Alcohol consumption | |||||
 No | 437 (86.5) | 35 (89.7) | 131 (91.0) | 47 (92.2) | 83 (92.2) |
 Yes | 68 (13.5) | 4 (10.3) | 13 (9.0) | 4 (7.8) | 7 (7.8) |
Number of comorbidities | |||||
 0 or 1 | 185 (36.6) | 7 (17.9)* | 39 (27.1)* | 11 (21.6)* | 31 (34.4) |
 2 or 3 | 227 (45.0) | 18 (46.2) | 68 (47.2) | 21 (41.2) | 38 (42.2) |
 ≥ 4 | 93 (18.4) | 14 (35.9) | 37 (25.7) | 19 (37.3) | 21 (23.3) |
Number of medications | |||||
 0 or 1 | 110 (21.8) | 4 (10.3)* | 23 (16.0)* | 5 (9.8)* | 14 (15.6) |
 2 or 3 | 248 (49.1) | 15 (38.5) | 64 (44.4) | 23 (45.1) | 43 (47.8) |
 ≥ 4 | 147 (29.1) | 20 (51.3) | 57 (39.6) | 23 (45.1) | 33 (36.7) |
Tinetti balance (0 ~ 24) | 23.3 ± 1.3 | 22.1 ± 2.0* | 22.5 ± 2.0* | 21.8 ± 2.2* | 22.6 ± 2.0* |
GDS score | |||||
 ≤ 5 | 450 (89.1) | 25 (64.1)* | 114 (79.2)* | 37 (72.5)* | 76 (84.4) |
 > 5 | 55 (10.9) | 14 (35.9) | 30 (20.8) | 14 (27.5) | 14 (15.6) |
MDRS score | 136.9 ± 4.6 | 135.8 ± 3.8 | 134.7 ± 5.5* | 135.0 ± 5.0* | 132.8 ± 4.5* |
Gait characteristic | |||||
 Velocity (cm/s) | 112.6 ± 23.3 | 87.5 ± 25.1* | 101.0 ± 24.3* | 73.8 ± 13.4* | 96.4 ± 26.3* |
 Cadence (steps/min) | 110.9 ± 11.6 | 100.8 ± 14.4* | 107.8 ± 13.5* | 93.7 ± 12.6* | 104.5 ± 13.3* |