Table 2 Distributions of baseline characteristics with regard to incident dementia and incident disability during a 2-year study period
From: Comparisons of four cognitive-frailty measures in predicting dementia and disability
Characteristic | All (N = 505) n (%) or mean ± SD | Dementia (N = 57) n (%) or mean ± SD | No dementia (N = 448) n (%) or mean ± SD | Disability (N = 66) n (%) or mean ± SD | No disability (N = 439) n (%) or mean ± SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 70.7 ± 5.0 | 74.2 ± 5.9 | 70.3 ± 4.7* | 72.3 ± 5.7 | 70.5 ± 4.8* |
Sex | |||||
 Men | 173 (34.3) | 31 (54.4) | 142 (31.7)* | 22 (33.3) | 151 (34.4) |
 Women | 332 (65.7) | 26 (45.6) | 306 (68.3) | 44 (66.7) | 288 (65.6) |
Educational level | |||||
 College or above | 268 (53.1) | 13 (22.8) | 255 (56.9)* | 30 (45.5) | 238 (54.2) |
 Senior and junior high | 174 (34.5) | 20 (35.1) | 154 (34.4) | 25 (37.9) | 149 (33.9) |
 Elementary or below | 63 (12.5) | 24 (42.1) | 39 (8.7) | 11 (16.7) | 52 (11.8) |
Monthly household income (NTD) | |||||
 Low (< 49,999) | 239 (47.3) | 34 (59.6) | 205 (45.8)* | 40 (60.6) | 199 (45.3)* |
 Middle (50,000 ~ 99,999) | 186 (36.8) | 20 (35.1) | 166 (37.1) | 24 (36.4) | 162 (36.9) |
 High (≥ 100,000) | 80 (16.2) | 3 (5.3) | 77 (17.7) | 2 (3.0) | 78 (17.8) |
Body-mass index | |||||
 Underweight | 31 (6.1) | 5 (8.8) | 26 (5.8) | 10 (15.2) | 21 (4.8)* |
 Normal weight | 131 (25.9) | 11 (19.3) | 120 (26.8) | 15 (22.7) | 116 (26.4) |
 Overweight | 144 (28.5) | 18 (31.6) | 126 (28.1) | 17 (25.8) | 127 (28.9) |
 Obesity | 199 (39.4) | 23 (40.4) | 176 (39.3) | 24 (36.4) | 175 (39.9) |
Regular exercise (≥ 3 times per week) | |||||
 No | 91 (18.0) | 10 (17.5) | 81 (18.1) | 21 (31.8) | 70 (15.9)* |
 Yes | 414 (82.0) | 47 (82.5) | 367 (81.9) | 45 (68.2) | 369 (84.1) |
Current smoking | |||||
 No | 484 (95.8) | 51 (89.5) | 433 (96.7)* | 64 (97.0) | 420 (95.7) |
 Yes | 21 (4.2) | 6 (10.5) | 15 (3.3) | 2 (3.0) | 19 (4.3) |
Alcohol consumption | |||||
 No | 437 (86.5) | 49 (86.0) | 388 (86.6) | 58 (87.9) | 379 (86.3) |
 Yes | 68 (13.5) | 8 (14.0) | 60 (13.4) | 8 (12.1) | 60 (13.7) |
Number of comorbidities | |||||
 0 or 1 | 185 (36.6) | 16 (28.1) | 169 (37.7) | 13 (19.7) | 172 (39.2)* |
 2 or 3 | 227 (45.0) | 28 (49.1) | 199 (44.4) | 28 (42.4) | 199 (45.3) |
 ≥ 4 | 93 (18.4) | 13 (22.8) | 80 (17.9) | 25 (37.9) | 68 (15.5) |
Number of medications | |||||
 0 or 1 | 110 (21.8) | 7 (12.3) | 103 (23.0) | 9 (13.6) | 101 (23.0)* |
 2 or 3 | 248 (49.1) | 29 (50.9) | 219 (48.9) | 28 (42.4) | 220 (50.1) |
 ≥ 4 | 147 (29.1) | 21 (36.8) | 126 (28.1) | 29 (43.9) | 118 (26.9) |
Tinetti balance (0 ~ 24) | 23.3 ± 1.3 | 22.6 ± 1.7 | 23.4 ± 1.3* | 22.3 ± 2.2 | 23.4 ± 1.1* |
GDS score | |||||
 ≤ 5 | 450 (89.1) | 44 (77.2) | 406 (90.6)* | 54 (81.8) | 396 (90.2)* |
 > 5 | 55 (10.9) | 13 (22.8) | 42 (9.4) | 12 (18.2) | 43 (9.8) |
MDRS score | 136.9 ± 4.6 | 132.5 ± 4.0 | 137.5 ± 4.4* | 135.7 ± 5.4 | 137.1 ± 4.5 |
Gait characteristic | |||||
 Velocity (cm/s) | 112.6 ± 23.3 | 103.4 ± 26.4 | 113.7 ± 22.6* | 99.9 ± 23.6 | 114.5 ± 22.7* |
 Cadence (steps/min) | 110.9 ± 11.6 | 105.7 ± 13.4 | 111.6 ± 11.2* | 106.9 ± 13.4 | 111.5 ± 11.2* |