Table 1 Characteristics of the study population in wave 2011
Variables | Healthy | SCD | MCI | Frailty | RCF | PRCF | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants, n (%) | 276 (8.6) | 872 (27.3) | 162 (5.1) | 180 (5.6) | 1311 (41.0) | 399 (12.5) | Â |
Age, (years, \(\:\stackrel{-}{x}\pm\:s\)) | 65.5 ± 4.7 | 65.2 ± 4.5 | 65.2 ± 4.4 | 67.1 ± 4.8 | 66.1 ± 5.0 | 66.2 ± 5.0 | < 0.001 |
Age group, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 60–75 | 255 (92.4) | 814 (93.3) | 150 (92.6) | 155 (86.1) | 1157 (88.3) | 359 (90.0) |  |
 ≥ 75 | 21 (7.6) | 58 (6.7) | 12 (7.4) | 25 (13.9) | 154 (11.7) | 40 (10.0) |  |
Sex, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Male | 167 (60.5) | 474 (54.4) | 56 (34.6) | 105 (58.3) | 645 (49.2) | 113 (28.3) |  |
 Female | 109 (39.5) | 398 (45.6) | 106 (65.4) | 75 (41.7) | 666 (50.8) | 286 (71.7) |  |
Residential area, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Rural | 184 (66.7) | 655 (75.1) | 148 (91.4) | 152 (84.4) | 1121 (85.5) | 379 (95.0) |  |
 Urban | 92 (33.3) | 217 (24.9) | 14 (8.6) | 28 (15.6) | 190 (14.5) | 20 (5.0) |  |
Educational level, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Illiteracy | 45 (16.3) | 206 (23.6) | 105 (64.8) | 49 (27.2) | 393 (30.0) | 276 (69.2) |  |
 Elementary school | 133 (48.2) | 458 (52.5) | 51 (31.5) | 88 (48.9) | 703 (53.6) | 119 (29.8) |  |
 Middle school | 87 (31.5) | 193 (22.1) | 6 (3.7) | 41 (22.8) | 205 (15.6) | 4 (1.0) |  |
 College or above | 11 (4.0) | 15 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 10 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) |  |
Marital status, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.013 |
 Married | 226 (81.9) | 744 (85.3) | 131 (80.9) | 145 (80.6) | 1051 (80.2) | 309 (77.4) |  |
 Others | 50 (18.1) | 128 (14.7) | 31 (19.1) | 35 (19.4) | 260 (19.8) | 90 (22.6) |  |
Sleep duration, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 < 6 h | 54 (19.6) | 252 (28.9) | 49 (30.2) | 48 (26.7) | 498 (38.0) | 172 (43.1) |  |
 6–9 h | 194 (70.3) | 557 (63.9) | 95 (58.6) | 109 (60.6) | 714 (54.5) | 186 (46.6) |  |
 ≥ 9 h | 27 (9.8) | 57 (6.5) | 15 (9.3) | 22 (12.2) | 90 (6.9) | 36 (9.0) |  |
Smoking behavior, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 187 (67.8) | 576 (66.1) | 115 (71.0) | 111 (61.7) | 895 (68.3) | 317 (79.4) |  |
 Yes | 89 (32.2) | 296 (33.9) | 47 (29.0) | 69 (38.3) | 416 (31.7) | 82 (20.6) |  |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.008 |
 Never drinkers | 181 (65.6) | 563 (64.6) | 120 (74.1) | 119 (66.1) | 880 (67.1) | 297 (74.4) |  |
 Former drinkers | 75 (27.2) | 237 (27.2) | 37 (22.8) | 44 (24.4) | 307 (23.4) | 76 (19.0) |  |
 Current drinkers | 20 (7.2) | 71 (8.1) | 5 (3.1) | 17 (9.4) | 124 (9.5) | 26 (6.5) |  |
Depressive symptoms, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 260 (94.2) | 773 (88.6) | 135 (83.3) | 139 (77.2) | 686 (52.3) | 160 (40.1) |  |
 Yes | 8 (2.9) | 66 (7.6) | 17 (10.5) | 33 (18.3) | 565 (43.1) | 208 (52.1) |  |
BMI, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Underweight | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 29 (16.1) | 182 (13.9) | 62 (15.5) |  |
 Normal | 143 (51.8) | 491 (56.3) | 105 (64.8) | 104 (57.8) | 704 (53.7) | 223 (55.9) |  |
 Overweight | 99 (35.9) | 285 (32.7) | 39 (24.1) | 31 (17.2) | 308 (23.5) | 80 (20.1) |  |
 Obesity | 34 (12.3) | 96 (11.0) | 18 (11.1) | 16 (8.9) | 117 (8.9) | 34 (8.5) |  |
Number of comorbidities, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 0 | 93 (33.7) | 256 (29.4) | 43 (26.5) | 75 (41.7) | 325 (24.8) | 75 (18.8) |  |
 1 | 102 (37.0) | 265 (30.4) | 65 (40.1) | 52 (28.9) | 367 (28.0) | 135 (33.8) |  |
 ≥ 2 | 81 (29.3) | 351 (40.3) | 54 (33.3) | 53 (29.4) | 619 (47.2) | 189 (47.4) |  |
Falls*, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.031 |
 No | 245 (88.8) | 718 (82.3) | 132 (81.5) | 154 (85.6) | 1067 (81.4) | 317 (79.4) |  |
 Yes | 31 (11.2) | 154 (17.7) | 30 (18.5) | 26 (14.4) | 244 (18.6) | 82 (20.6) |  |
Fall-induced injuries*, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.053 |
 0 | 259 (93.8) | 810 (92.9) | 146 (90.1) | 169 (93.9) | 1193 (91.0) | 357 (89.5) |  |
 1 | 15 (5.4) | 55 (6.3) | 10 (6.2) | 7 (3.9) | 86 (6.6) | 30 (7.5) |  |
 ≥ 2 | 2 (0.7) | 7 (0.8) | 6 (3.7) | 4 (2.2) | 32 (2.4) | 12 (3.0) |  |