Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants with OD in cohort (N = 85)
Characteristics | Total (N = 85) | Swallowing Function | t/χ2 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | Abnormal | ||||
Age, mean (SD)a | 83.25 (6.76) | 82.74 (6.75) | 88.86 (4.10) | t = 2.350 | 0.252 |
Sex, No. (%)b |  |  |  | χ2 = 3.58 (1) | 0.058 |
Male | 21 (24.7) | 17 (20.2) | 4 (57.1) | Â | Â |
Female | 64 (75.3) | 61 (71.8) | 3 (42.9) | Â | Â |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)a | 23.89 (3.05) | 23.99 (2.73) | 22.06 (5.57) | t = − 0.905 | 0.399 |
Marital status, No. (%)c | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.821 |
Unmarried | 3 (3.5) | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | Â | Â |
Married | 32 (37.6) | 30 (38.5) | 2 (28.6) | Â | Â |
Widowed or Divorced | 50 (58.9) | 45 (57.7) | 5 (71.4) | Â | Â |
Education level, No. (%)c | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.769 |
Elementary school and below | 16 (18.8) | 14 (17.9) | 2 (28.6) | Â | Â |
Junior high to high school | 38 (44.7) | 36 (46.2) | 2 (28.6) | Â | Â |
College/university | 31 (36.5) | 28 (35.9) | 3 (42.9) | Â | Â |
Residential status, No. (%)c | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.382 |
Alone | 62 (72.9) | 58 (74.4) | 4 (57.1) | Â | Â |
Living with family members | 23 (27.1) | 20 (25.6) | 3 (42.9) | Â | Â |
No. of chronic illnesses, mean (SD)a | 3.28 (1.73) | 3.23 (1.69) | 3.86 (2.27) | Â | 0.201 |
ADL, mean (SD)‡ | 95.59 (8.91) | 96.73 (6.88) | 82.86 (17.28) | −3.399 | 0.001 |
IADL, mean (SD)‡ | 6.82 (1.65) | 6.95 (1.60) | 5.43 (1.72) | −2.524 | 0.012 |
FS, mean (SD)‡ | 1.29 (1.24) | 1.13 (1.10) | 3.14 (1.35) | −3.420 | 0.001 |
MNA, mean (SD)‡ | 26.38 (2.63) | 26.65 (2.21) | 23.36 (4.81) | −1.677 | 0.094 |
GDS, mean (SD)‡ | 2.72 (3.19) | 2.38 (2.81) | 6.43 (4.86) | −2.099 | 0.036 |
MMSE, mean (SD)‡ | 26.91 (4.09) | 27.13 (3.91) | 24.43 (5.53) | −1.745 | 0.081 |
OHAT, mean (SD)‡ | 1.58 (1.64) | 1.55 (1.63) | 1.86 (1.77) | −0.528 | 0.598 |