Table 1 Characterization of the total sample study population and comparison by frailty for sociodemographic, anthropometric, medical history, frailty and physical-functional fitness status
|  | Total sample (n = 161, 100%) | Non-frail and pre-frail (n = 85, 53%) | Frail (n = 76, 47%) | p-value | Cohens d’ Effect size [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic | |||||
Age (years, Mean ± SD) | 68.01 ± 6.88 | 64.79 ± 4.43 | 71.61 ± 7.35 | 0.001* | −1.14 [−1.45—0.83] |
Sex (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 0.004* | Â |
 Male | 91 (56.5%) | 57 (67.1%) | 34 (44.7%) |  |  |
 Female | 70 (43.5%) | 28 (32.9%) | 42 (55.3%) |  |  |
Marital State (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 0.007* | Â |
 Single | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) |  |  |
 Married | 129 (80.1%) | 75 (88.2%) | 54 (71.1%) |  |  |
 Widowed | 28 (17.4%) | 7 (8.2%) | 21 (27.6%) |  |  |
 Divorced | 3 (1.9%) | 2 (2.4%) | 1 (1.3%) |  |  |
 Level of education (Degree; M 1;3) | 1 (1; 3) | 2 (1; 3) | 1 (1; 1.75) | 0.001* |  |
Anthropometric (M ± SD) | |||||
 Weight (kg) | 69.87 ± 11.46 | 69.67 ± 11.06 | 70.10 ± 11.96 | 0.813 | −0.04 [−0.35–0.27] |
 Height (centimeters) | 1.63 ± 0.09 | 1.65 ± 0.08 | 1.61 ± 0.10 | 0.008* | 0.44 [0.13–0.76] |
 BMI (kg.m−2) Mean ± SD) | 26.27 ± 4.49 | 25.53 ± 3.95 | 27.09 ± 4.92 | 0.027* | −0.35 [−0.66—0.04] |
Medical History screen | |||||
Smoking (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 0.663 | Â |
 Yes | 32 (19.9%) | 18 (21.2%) | 14 (18.4%) |  |  |
 No | 129 (80.9%) | 67 (78.8%) | 62 (81.6%) |  |  |
Eyesight problems (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 0.074 | Â |
 No problem | 81 (50.3%) | 47 (55.3%) | 34 (44.7%) |  |  |
 Poor eyesight | 43 (26.7%) | 24 (28.2%) | 19 (25.0%) |  |  |
 Eye glasses | 37 (23.0%) | 14 (16.5%) | 23 (30.3%) |  |  |
Hearing problems (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 0.212 | Â |
 No problem | 123 (76.4%) | 68 (80.0%) | 55 (72.4%) |  |  |
 Poor hearing | 35 (21.7%) | 17 (20.0%) | 18 (23.7%) |  |  |
 Hearing aids | 3 (1.9%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3.9%) |  |  |
 Falling incidence (n, %) | 43 (26.7%) | 12 (14.1%) | 31 (40.8%) | 0.001* |  |
Physical Frailty Screen (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 0.001* | Â |
 Weakness | 89 (55.3%) | 28 (32.9%) | 61 (80.3%) |  |  |
 Slowness | 71 (44.1%) | 16 18.8%) | 55 72.4%) |  |  |
 Poor energy | 80 (49.7%) | 14 (16.5%) | 66 (86.8%) |  |  |
 Shrinking | 80 (49.7%) | 25 (29.4%) | 55 (72.4%) |  |  |
 Low PAL (Man < 383 women < 270) | 49 (30.4%) | 2 (2.4%) | 47 (61.8%) |  |  |
Physical-Functional Fitness status (M ± SD) | |||||
 IPAQ (Kcal.week−1, Mean ± SD) | 985.26 ± 909.11 | 1434.66 ± 1344.76 | 482.64 ± 477.31 | 0.001* | 0.92[0.61–1.24] |
 Hand grip strength test (kg, Mean ± SD) | 25.01 ± 10.29 | 30.21 ± 9.40 | 19.20 ± 7.87 | 0.001* | 1.26[0.95–1.58] |
 Tinetti POMA-balance (points) | 11.58 ± 3.89 | 13.08 ± 3.22 | 9.89 ± 3.90 | 0.001* | 0.90[0.59–1.21] |
 Tinetti POMA-walking (points) | 7.97 ± 3.09 | 9.18 ± 2.65 | 6.62 ± 3.01 | 0.001* | 0.91[0.59–1.22] |
 Tinetti POMA total score | 19.55 ± 6.37 | 22.26 ± 5.09 | 16.51 ± 6.32 | 0.001* | 1.01[0.70–1.32] |
 30-s arm curl (reps per time) | 13.27 ± 3.17 | 14.34 ± 3.58 | 12.07 ± 2.09 |  < 0.001* | 0.76[0.45–1.08] |
 30-s chair stand (reps per time) | 10.41 ± 4.10 | 12 ± 3.98 | 8.63 ± 3.47 |  < 0.001* | 0.90[0.59–1.21] |
 Standing Stork balance test (per time) | 12.58 ± 12.66 | 17.97 ± 13.73 | 6.56 ± 7.82 |  < 0.001* | 1.01[0.70–1.32] |
 Back scratch test (centimeters) | 16.15 ± 13.28 | 12.71 ± 9.32 | 19.95 ± 15.81 |  < 0.001* | −0.57[−0.88—0.25] |