Table 1 Characteristics of the studies
From: Uncovering the impact of loneliness in ageing populations: a comprehensive scoping review
Study ID | Country | Setting | Study design | Main variables | Total number of the sample | % women |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aedo-Neira 2022 [22] | Chile | Virtual | Qualitative research | Feelings of loneliness and anxiety | 7 | 71.4 |
Altintas 2023 [23] | Turkey | Community | Cross sectional study | Frailty, loneliness | 527 | 60.5 |
Berg-Weger 2020 [24] | United States | Community | Longitudinal descriptive study | Risk factors of loneliness, social isolation | - | - |
Böger 2018 [25] | Germany | Community | Cohort study | Emotional qualities of the social network, loneliness | 10,900 | 49.1 |
Bonsaksen 2021 [26] | Norway, United Kingdom, United States and Australia | Virtual | Cross sectional study | Use of video-based communication platforms, loneliness, mental health, quality of life, interaction term | 836 | 75.7 |
Canjuga 2018 [27] | Croatia | Residential | Cross sectional study | Health, self-esteem, social/emotional factors | 379 | 70.6 |
Canjuga 2018 [28] | Croacia | Residential Home-based | Cross sectional study | Self-care, loneliness, health condition | 379 | 69.4 |
Cantarero-Prieto 2018 [29] | 9 European countries | Community | Cohort study | The diagnosis of three or more chronic diseases serves as the dependent variable, while three isolation proxies (living alone, providing help to others, and participation in club activities) are used as social control variables. | 37,864 | 7.33 |
Chen 2014 [30] | China | - | Text and opinion | Loneliness, social connectedness, health and well-being, social isolation, dementia, mortality risk, psychosocial interventions, community resources | - | - |
Cheng 2021 [31] | China | Institutional | Cross sectional study | Depression, social isolation, mental health | 7024 | 45 |
Cheung 2023 [32] | China Netherlands | Community and Home-based | Cross sectional study | Frailty, quality of life, loneliness | 333 | 54 |
Creese 2021 [33] | United Kingdom | Virtual | Cohort study | Loneliness, physical activity changes, physical illness, symptoms of COVID infection, fianances, depression and anxiety | 3281 | 80 |
daCruz 2022 [34] | Brazil, Italy | - | Text and opinion | Physical activity, social isolation, COVID 19, mental health | - | - |
Dahlberg 2014 [35] | UK | Community | Cross sectional study | Psychological, health factors, social factors | 1255 | 61.8 |
Dayson 2021 [36] | United Kingdom | Community | Qualitative research | Loneliness, isolation | 37 | - |
deSousa 2022 [37] | Brasil | Virtual | Cross sectional study | Anxiety, depression, COVID-19 | 450 | - |
dos Santos-Orlandi 2019 [38] | Brasil | Community | Cross sectional study | Frailty, family function, depresive symptoms, loneliness | 341 | 76.8 |
Dziedzic 2021 [39] | Poland | Virtual | Cross sectional study | Anxiety, depressive symptoms, irritability, loneliness | 221 | 47.51 |
Gale 2018 [40] | United Kingdom | Community | Cohort study | Loneliness, social Isolation, frailty | 2817 | 56.9 |
Gerino 2017 [41] | Italia | Community | Cross sectional study | Loneliness, resilence, mental health, quality of life | 290 | 70 |
Gyasi 2019 [42] | Ghana | Community | Cross sectional study | Psychological distress, loneliness, social isolation | 1200 | 63 |
Herrera-Badilla 2015 [43] | Mexico | Community | Cross sectional study | Loneliness, frailty | 927 | 54.9 |
Jarach 2021 [44] | Europe and Israel | Community | Cohort study | Frailty, pre-frailty, loneliness | 27,468 | 54.6 |
Jiang 2021 [45] | China | Virtual | Cohort study | Elder mistreatment, life satisfaction, loneliness, emotional closeness | 8717 | 50.15 |
Joseph 2023 [46] | United States Puerto Rico | Virtual | Mix method | Frailty, physical isolation, worry about COVID-19, and loneliness | 2094 | 57.6 |
Koroleva 2021 [47] | Letonia | Virtual | Case report | Social isolation, psychoemotional problems, social contacts, mental state, | 1207 | - |
Liu 2019 [48] | China | - | Systematic review | Isolation, cognitive, cardiovascular decline | - | - |
Liu 2022 [49] | China | Community - Rural areas | Cross sectional study | Personality, self-esteem, and loneliness | 200 | - |
Llorente-Barroso 2021 [50] | Spain | Community | Qualitative research | Negative effects produced of confinement, role of ICT, stimulation of mental and physical activity | 27 | 66.6 |
Lu 2020 [51] | China | Community | Mixed-methods design: integrated theory and cross-sectional study | Medication adherence, social isolation, social support, loneliness | 2270 | 49 |
Luo 2024 [52] | China | Institutional | Cross sectional study | Depression, anxiety | 2477 | 63.1 |
Murayama 2021 [53] | Japan | Community | Cross sectional study | Depressive symptoms, perceived isolation, fear of future isolation, subjective economic status, mutual aid relationship patterns | 3941 | 65.6 |
O’Súilleabháin 2019 [54] | Germany | Institutional | Cross sectional study | Mortality, loneliness, functional Status, personality | 413 | 46 |
Palacios-Navarro 2024 [55] | Spain | Home-based | Non-randomised experimental study | Cognitive impairment, quality of life, general health, perceived loneliness, depression | 7 | 71 |
Pedroso-Chaparro 2023 [56] | Spain | Community | Cross sectional study | Ageist stereotypes, loneliness | 182 | 76.4 |
Pengpid 2023 [57] | Thailand | Home-based | Cohort study | Loneliness, mental ill-health: self-rated mental health status, self-rated mental health status, quality of life or happiness, depressive symptoms, insomnia symptoms, brain diseases (including dementia). Physical ill-health: Self-rated physical health status, ADL disability. Life style factor: Tobacco smoking, hazardous alcohol use, physical activity/exercis, Body Mass Index. Mortality | 2863 | 57.2 |
Sadatnia 2023 [58] | Iran | Community | Cross sectional study | Mental health, loneliness | 211 | 39.8 |
Sha 2022 [59] | China | Institutional - Virtual | Cohort study | Loneliness, physical frailty | 7546 | - |
Shiovitz-Ezra 2023 [60] | Europe | Community | Cross sectional study | Sleep problems, lonelines patterns | 35,878 | 58.38 |
Soh 2019 [61] | Singapore | Community | Cross sectional study | Living arrangements, perceived problem, mental health, loneliness | Study 1: 135 Study 2: 122 | Study 1: 53.5 Study 2: 75.4 |
Stephens 2022 [62] | New Zealand | Community | Cross sectional study | Loneliness, social network types, neighborhood variables, social participation | 917 | 53.2 |
Tanabe 2024 [63] | Japan | Community | Cross sectional study | Physical frailty, subjective well-being, social isolation | 1953 | 49 |
Theeke 2018 [64] | United States | Hospital | Randomised controlled trial | Loneliness, psychological, physiological health problems | 13,812 | 61.3 |
Tilikainen 2017 [65] | Finland | Hospital | Qualitative research | Loneliness, social integration | 10 | 40 |
Tragantzopoulou 2021 [66] | Greece | - | Scoping review | Social isolation and loneliness | - | - |
Vaculíková 2023 [67] | All European Union countries, Switzerland and Israel | Residential | Cross sectional study | Loneliness, mental health, physical health | 2631 | 62 |
vanOurs 2021 [68] | Netherlands | Home-based | Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social science (LISS) panel | Mental health, loneliness | 29,677 | 50.95 |
Vrach 2020 [69] | United Kingdom | - | Systematic review | Mental health, social isolation | 16 | - |
Yang 2022 [70] | China | Community | Cross sectional study | Intergenerational emotional support, loneliness and self-esteem, and subjective well-being | 728 | 69.9 |
Yang 2024 [71] | Korea | Community | Cohort study | Intensity of persistent social isolation, cognitive functions, depression, cognitive decline | 6200 | 57.5 |
Zakizadeh 2022 [72] | Iran | Hospital Community | Cross sectional study | Social support, mental health, feeling of loneliness | 318 | 44.7 |
Zhang 2021 [73] | China | Institutional Community | Cross sectional study | Kinlessness, lack of social contacts, subjective social isolation, health outcomes | 5419 | 53.3 |