Table 4 Mean estimated monthly cost of DS and differences in cost by baseline demographic groups, adjusting for other variables. All participants, all years

Study Site

A

B

C

D

E

Denver, CO (A)

2.33 (< 0.001)

4.31 (< 0.001)

2.05 (< 0.001)

2.92 (< 0.001)

Cooperstown, NY (B)

1.99 (< 0.001)

-0.28 (1.00)

0.60 (1.00)

Baltimore, MD (C)

-2.27 (< 0.001)

-1.39 (0.007)

Ann Arbor, MI (D)

0.87 (0.334)

San Diego, CA (E)

Age group

A

B

C

D

65–69 years (A)

-1.99 (< 0.001)

-3.45 (< 0.001)

-5.97 (< 0.001)

70–74 years (B)

-1.46 (< 0.001)

-3.68 (< 0.001)

75–79 years (C)

-2.22 (< 0.001)

80 and over (D)

Gender

A

B

Male (A)

-3.96 (< 0.001)

Female (B)

Race/Ethnicity

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

White, Non-Hispanic (A)

5.23 (< 0.001)

-0.51 (1.00)

-1.10 (1.00)

3.15 (1.00)

-1.46 (1.00)

2.03 (0.292)

0.567 (1.00)

Black, Non-Hispanic (B)

-5.74 (0.031)

-6.33 (< 0.001)

-2.08 (1.00)

-6.69 (< 0.001)

-3.20 (0.013)

-4.66 (0.845)

American Indian (C)

-0.59 (1.00)

3.66 (1.00)

-0.95 (1.00)

2.54 (1.00)

1.08 (1.00)

Asian (D)

4.25 (1.00)

-0.37 (1.00)

3.13 (0.22)

1.67 (1.00)

Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander (E)

-4.61 (1.00)

-1.12 (1.00)

-2.58 (1.00)

Other, Non-Hispanic (F)

3.49 (0.415)

2.03 (1.00)

Hispanic (G)

-1.461 (1.00)

Refused (H)

Education

A

B

C

D

HS deg. or less (A)

0.08 (1.00)

-1.37 (0.02)

-1.53 (0.007)

Some college/ Vocational (B)

-1.46 (0.001)

-1.61 (< 0.001)

Associate’s/Bachelor’s deg. (C)

-0.15 (1.00)

Advanced college deg. (D)

Household income

A

B

C

D

E

Less than $20,000 (A)

-3.55 (< 0.001)

-4.53 (< 0.001)

-4.56 (< 0.001)

-3.56 (< 0.001)

$20,000 - $49,999 (B)

-0.98 (0.092)

-1.01 (0.225)

-0.01 (1.00)

$50,000 - $79,999 (C)

-0.04 (1.00)

0.96 (0.058)

$80,000 - $99,999 (D)

1.00 (0.132)

$100,000 or greater (E)

Workstatus^

A

B

No (A)

0.68 (0.025)

Yes (B)