Cost of Dietary Supplements | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | |
DS users/total Mean monthly cost+ (SD) | N mean (SD) | N mean (SD) | N mean (SD) | N mean (SD) | N mean (SD) | |
Total Participants | 2990 | 2869 | 2714 | 2551 | 2226 | 2068 |
% of DS Users | 70.4% | 77.8% | 71.5% | 80.0% | 76.0% | 82.7% |
Study Site | ||||||
Denver, CO (A) | 466/600 11.94 (16.53) c, e | 466/559 14.74 (17.61) b, c,e | 362/524 12.18 (17.13) c | 417/515 15.57 (18.66) c, d | 374/476 12.99 (15.36) c | 390/460 15.65 (17.38) c |
Cooperstown, NY (B) | 428/601 10.39 (13.85) e | 436/584 11.34 (14.42) | 422/560 11.90 (16.21) c | 384/500 13.31 (17.48) c | 332/433 11.21 (13.86) c | 329/409 12.85 (15.66) c |
Baltimore, MD (C) | 428/588 9.25 (13.70) | 436/559 11.00 (14.79) | 326/529 7.69 (13.10) | 392/513 9.98 (14.65) | 307/467 7.83 (13.13) | 286/390 9.52 (15.05) |
Ann Arbor, MI (D) | 472/601 11.95 (14.73) c, e | 480/592 12.83 (15.94) | 425/564 11.19 (14.93) c | 409/513 12.52 (15.62) | 323/387 11.49 (15.42) c | 315/360 13.88 (17.16) c |
San Diego, CA (E) | 314/600 7.60 (14.29) | 404/575 10.92 (15.90) | 392/537 11.98 (16.91) c | 425/510 14.36 (17.50) c | 343/463 11.46 (15.56) c | 383/449 14.23 (16.73) c |
Age group | ||||||
65–69 years (A) | 848/1243 8.98 (13.12) | 688/910 10.67 (14.16) | 437/641 8.85 (13.06) | 305/398 10.27 (14.77) | 121/164 8.84 (11.64) | 0 - (-) |
70–74 years (B) | 710/1037 10.22 (14.90) | 844/1100 11.93 (15.84) | 772/1103 11.34 (16.04) a | 843/1080 13.11 (16.32) a | 748/1019 10.06 (14.11) | 734/911 11.82 (15.09) |
75–79 years (C) | 530/710 12.43 (16.82) a, b | 604/753 13.65 (16.89) a | 549/753 11.78 (16.61) a | 615/755 14.00 (16.97) a | 524/680 11.49 (14.85) | 601/725 13.61 (16.46) |
80 and over (D) | 0 - (-) | 81/100 17.46 (19.53) a, b | 169/216 13.02 (17.12) | 261,315 14.86 (18.25) a | 286/363 13.64 (15.17) a, b | 367/430 16.08 (17.19) b, c |
Gender | ||||||
Male (A) | 895/1403 8.55 (13.49) | 948/1340 10.06 (14.22) | 811/1266 8.95 (13.86) | 872/1197 10.74 (14.96) | 712/1027 9.29 (14.12) | 725/950 11.30 (15.55) |
Female (B) | 1193/1587 11.70 (15.62) a | 1269/1523 14.02 (16.90) a | 1116/1447 12.79 (17.12) a | 1152/1351 15.28 (18.25) a | 967/1199 12.44 (15.17) a | 977/1116 15.07 (17.19) a |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
White, Non-Hispanic (A) | 1813/2559 10.63 (14.92) b | 1911/2453 12.55 (16.04) b | 1681/2327 11.58 (16.25) b | 1742/2187 13.60 (17.21) b | 1468/1914 11.35 (14.82) b | 1483/1782 13.80 (16.85) b |
Black, Non-Hispanic (B) | 134/213 6.46 (12.97) | 146/203 7.71 (13.35) | 111/191 5.38 (9.70) | 130/178 7.12 (12.54) | 91/155 5.24 (11.05) | 95/136 7.54 (12.13) |
American Indian (C) | 13/18 9.26 (12.94) | 14/18 12.44 (17.37) | 11/16 11.74 (18.13) | 9/13 16.04 (20.52) | 10/11 15.09 (20.64) | 11/11 13.37 (19.14) |
Asian (D) | 35/64 10.64 (16.25) | 43/60 13.44 (17.47) | 44/59 10.70 (13.70) | 50/56 15.21 (15.37) b | 34/47 11.70 (16.50) | 35/43 13.16 (16.72) |
Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander (E) | 6/9 6.54 (6.15) | 7/9 7.52 (6.96) | 6/8 6.20 (11.33) | 7/7 9.77 (12.18) | 5/6 8.74 (12.87) | 6/6 13.25 (18.68) |
Other, Non-Hispanic (F) | 21/32 10.57 (14.59) | 25/31 12.97 (14.28) | 17/28 10.00 (17.64) | 22/28 14.81 (19.17) | 19/26 13.76 (18.94) | 20/24 16.50 (18.18) |
Hispanic (G) | 55/83 7.51 (12.53) | 60/77 10.90 (13.62) | 48/72 8.54 (11.85) | 55/68 12.20 (15.86) | 43/57 12.07 (15.05) | 45/56 11.51 (12.80) |
Refused (H) | 11/12 10.08 (9.83) | 11/12 12.45 (13.41) | 9/12 10.97 (15.71) | 9/11 11.73 (14.03) | 9/10 10.79 (13.90) | 7/8 10.99 (15.47) |
Education | ||||||
HS deg. or less (A) | 226/336 9.89 (14.93) | 208/313 11.19 (15.63) | 208/294 10.82 (16.23) | 202/260 12.53 (17.16) | 158/222 10.12 (15.82) | 149/186 13.30 (18.84) |
Some college/ Vocational (B) | 374/528 9.39 (13.86) | 512 11.07 (15.22) | 324/478 9.83 (15.13) | 335/442 11.67 (17.04) | 280/380 10.25 (15.51) | 281/340 12.74 (17.68) |
Associate’s/Bachelor’s deg. (C) | 623/896 10.21 (14.33) | 863 12.38 (15.80) | 583/817 11.74 (16.17) | 611/775 13.59 (16.84) | 493/663 11.09 (14.41) | 522/637 13.60 (16.61) |
Advanced college deg. (D) | 861/1221 10.72 (15.35) | 1167 12.79 (16.15) | 808/1116 11.05 (15.71) | 874/1065 13.64 (16.92) | 746/957 11.42 (14.50) | 746/897 13.42 (15.60) |
Household income | ||||||
Less than $20,000 (A) | 81/134 6.78 (10.39) | 86/123 8.44 (15.48) | 71/108 6.98 (10.95) | 77/108 9.35 (12.31) | 56/85 7.79 (13.34) | 64/85 9.97 (13.88) |
$20,000 - $49,999 (B) | 468/640 10.57 (14.29) | 523/651 12.04 (14.82) | 458/632 11.21 (16.56) | 471/578 13.59 (17.61) | 373/493 10.72 (14.12) | 357/438 12.58 (16.49) |
$50,000 - $79,999 (C) | 512/720 11.25 (16.11) a | 550/701 13.34 (17.19) a | 462/667 11.22 (16.48) | 502/635 13.71 (18.13) | 423/552 11.64 (15.48) | 428/509 14.14 (16.82) |
$80,000 - $99,999 (D) | 307/431 10.27 (14.42) | 318/407 13.11 (16.47) a | 288/381 11.57 (15.63) | 284/349 13.59 (16.62) | 249/313 11.82 (15.25) | 251/294 14.48 (17.51) |
$100,000 or greater (E) | 638/959 9.48 (14.51) | 668/897 11.26 (15.16) | 593/853 10.67 (15.01) | 644/821 12.76 (16.11) | 537/735 10.51 (14.65) | 567/700 12.96 (16.22) |
Work status^ | ||||||
No (A) | 1472/2084 10.66 (14.90) b | 1618/2067 12.61 (16.12) b | 1471/2010 11.51 (15.98) b | 1580/1963 13.42 (17.02) | 1364/1778 11.27 (14.74) b | 1422/1704 13.59 (16.62) |
Yes (B) | 614/904 9.19 (14.32) | 597/793 11.08 (15.03) | 451/694 9.62 (15.26) | 442/581 12.29 (16.69) | 311/441 9.71 (14.38) | 279/360 12.15 (16.29) |