Table 1 Comparison of characteristics between postoperative hyperactive delirium and non-delirium groups in older patients receiving hip fracture surgery

Age (mean ± SD), years-old

75.11 ± 12.54

78.07 ± 11.44

78.01 ± 10.22

78.07 ± 11.44

Age group, years-old

0.3490

0.0270

 Group 1: 65–70

7,361

29.7%

2,054

30.2%

2,110

31.1%

2,054

30.2%

 Group 2: 71–75

6,915

27.9%

1,114

16.4%

1,068

15.7%

1,114

16.4%

 Group 3: 76–80

5,701

23.1%

1,482

21.8%

1,514

22.3%

1,482

21.8%

 Group 4: >80

4,809

19.4%

2,145

31.6%

2,103

31.0%

2,145

31.6%

Sex

0.3132

0.0111

 Female

13,533

54.6%

2,660

39.2%

2,697

39.7%

2,660

39.2%

 Male

11,253

45.4%

4,135

60.9%

4,098

60.3%

4,135

60.9%

Income levels (NTD)

0.3430

0.0440

 Unemployment

198

0.8%

159

2.3%

136

2.0%

159

2.3%

 Financial dependent

7,014

28.3%

2,667

39.3%

2,782

40.9%

2,667

39.3%

 ≦20,000

7,932

32.0%

2,177

32.0%

2,159

31.8%

2,177

32.0%

 2000–30,000

4,932

19.9%

1,119

16.5%

1,094

16.1%

1,119

16.5%

 30,000–45,000

2,999

12.1%

456

6.7%

425

6.3%

456

6.7%

 >45,000

1,711

6.9%

217

3.2%

199

2.9%

217

3.2%

Urbanization

0.1038

0.0314

 Rural

6,519

26.3%

2,108

31.0%

2,207

32.5%

2,108

31.0%

 Urban

18,267

73.7%

4,687

69.0%

4,588

67.5%

4,687

69.0%

ASA physical status

0.5530

0.0280

 1

15,913

64.2%

2,960

43.6%

3,000

44.2%

2,960

43.6%

 2

3,445

13.9%

986

14.5%

1,028

15.1%

986

14.5%

 3

4,387

17.7%

1,532

22.6%

1,508

22.2%

1,532

22.6%

 4

1,041

4.2%

1,317

19.4%

1,259

18.5%

1,317

19.4%

Types of anesthesia

0.6349

0.0180

 General anesthesia

15,615

63.0%

6,039

88.9%

6,077

89.4%

6,039

88.9%

 Regional anesthesia

9,171

37.00%

756

11.1%

718

10.6%

756

11.1%

Duration of anesthesia

0.2922

0.0011

 ≤ 2 h

22,530

90.9%

5,830

85.8%

5,833

85.8%

5,830

85.8%

 > 2 h

2,256

9.1%

965

14.2%

962

14.2%

965

14.2%

Pre-existing comorbidity

 Diabetes

2,305

9.3%

1,034

15.2%

0.1829

974

14.3%

1,034

15.2%

0.0251

 Hypertension

4,610

18.6%

2,115

31.1%

0.2938

2,008

29.6%

2,115

31.1%

0.0344

 Hyperlipidemia

2,652

10.7%

986

14.5%

0.1153

927

13.6%

986

14.5%

0.0250

 Coronary artery disease

2,032

8.2%

971

14.3%

0.1922

914

13.5%

971

14.3%

0.0243

 Stroke

1,363

5.5%

1,355

19.9%

0.4431

1,262

18.6%

1,355

19.9%

0.0348

 Depression

967

3.9%

589

8.7%

0.1985

563

8.3%

589

8.7%

0.0136

 Anxiety

1,909

7.7%

792

11.7%

0.1357

728

10.7%

792

11.7%

0.0301

 Heart failure

471

1.9%

343

5.1%

0.1753

328

4.8%

343

5.1%

0.0102

 Peripheral vascular disease

570

2.3%

401

5.9%

0.1854

399

5.9%

401

5.9%

0.0013

 COPD

2,503

10.1%

1,081

15.9%

0.1750

1,065

15.7%

1,081

15.9%

0.0066

 Atrial fibrillation

174

0.7%

148

2.2%

0.1266

116

1.7%

148

2.2%

0.0340

 Traumatic head injury

1,685

6.8%

775

11.4%

0.2652

773

11.4%

775

11.4%

0.0009

 Alcohol liver diseases

521

2.1%

421

6.2%

0.1981

418

6.2%

421

6.2%

0.0008

 Cognitive function decline

446

1.8%

428

6.3%

0.3391

429

6.3%

428

6.3%

0.0002

 Sleep Disorder

3,495

14.1%

1,393

20.5%

0.4091

1,390

20.5%

1,393

20.5%

0.0011

 Malnutrition

1,760

7.1%

836

12.3%

0.2094

833

12.3%

836

12.3%

0.0010

CCI Scores

 Median (IQR, Q1-Q3)

0.00 (0.00,0.00)

0.00 (0.00,1.00)

0.00 (0.00,1.00)

0.00 (0.00,1.00)

CCI Scores

0.3290

0.0025

 0

19,730

79.6%

4,419

65.0%

4,427

65.2%

4,419

65.0%

 ≥ 1

5,056

20.4%

2,376

35.0%

2,368

34.9%

2,376

35.0%

CCI

 Congestive Heart Failure

397

1.6%

324

4.8%

0.1784

286

4.2%

324

4.8%

0.0270

 Dementia

324

1.3%

256

3.8%

0.2296

250

3.7%

256

3.8%

0.0008

 Chronic Pulmonary Disease

2,008

8.1%

890

13.1%

0.1640

980

14.4%

890

13.1%

0.0383

 Rheumatic Disease

149

0.6%

47

0.7%

0.0087

61

0.9%

47

0.7%

0.0236

 Liver Disease

2,132

8.6%

771

11.4%

0.0926

854

12.6%

771

11.4%

0.0376

 Diabetes with complications

471

1.9%

230

3.4%

0.0960

231

3.4%

230

3.4%

0.0011

 Hemiplegia and Paraplegia

3

0.0%

1

0.0%

0.0141

1

0.0%

1

0.0%

0.0000

 Renal Disease

421

1.7%

254

3.7%

0.1293

258

3.8%

254

3.7%

0.0032

 AIDS

8

0.0%

6

0.1%

0.0196

5

0.1%

6

0.1%

0.0071

  Cancer

545

2.2%

486

7.2%

0.2349

479

7.0%

486

7.2%

0.0004

Outcomes

PValue

PValue

 All-Cause Death

2,726

11.0%

1,815

26.7%

< 0.0001

1,360

20.0%

1,815

26.7%

< 0.0001

 Mean (SD) follow-up year

8.45 ± 4.94

7.04 ± 5.09

< 0.0001

7.59 ± 4.95

7.04 ± 5.09

< 0.0001