Table 2 The association between exercise/activities and frailty, controlling for confounding factors

Exercise

YES

Reference

Reference

NO

1.97 (1.73–2.24)

< 0.001

1.85(1.57-2.18)

< 0.001

Activities

YES

Reference

Reference

NO

6.94(6.10–7.89)

< 0.001

4.43(3.74-5.25)

< 0.001

Gender

Male

Reference

Female

1.57(1.33-1.86)

< 0.001

Age (years)

1.09(1.08-1.10)

< 0.001

Residence

city

Reference

Town

0.78(0.64-0.96)

0.019

Rural

0.73(0.59-0.89)

0.002

Years of schooling (years)

0

Reference

1–6

0.78(0.66-0.92)

0.003

7–9

0.86(0.66-1.12)

0.262

10–12

0.69(0.48-0.99)

0.045

At lest 13

1.18(0.77-1.81)

0.442

Co-residence

Living with housemember(s)

Reference

Living alone

0.91(0.76-1.09)

0.311

In an institution

1.63(1.08-2.46)

0.021

Economic situation

Very rich

Reference

rich

0.78(0.49-1.24)

0.296

So so

1.20(0.78-1.87)

0.411

poor

2.91(1.79-4.74)

< 0.001

Very poor

2.87(1.47-5.60)

0.002

Smoking

Yes

Reference

No

1.08(0.87-1.33)

0.491

Drinking

Yes

Reference

No

1.55(1.24-1.93)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

1.01(1.00-1.02)

0.015

Heart disease

Yes

Reference

No

0.76(0.63-0.91)

0.003

Stroke or CVD

Yes

Reference

No

0.81(0.65-1.01)

0.063

Nutrient supplements

YES

Reference

NO

0.62(0.51-0.76)

< 0.001

Physical labor before

YES

Reference

NO

1.13(0.95-1.36)

0.171