Table 1 Univariate analysis between independent variable and frailty

Gender, n (%)

Male

3295 (48)

Reference

Female

3567 (52)

1.77 (1.60–1.96)

< 0.001

Age (years)

81.5 ± 10.3

1.11 (1.10–1.11)

< 0.001

Residence, n (%)

city

1622 (23.6)

Reference

Town

2400 (35)

0.89

(0.78–1.02)

0.090

Rural

2840 (41.4)

0.85 (0.75–0.97)

0.013

Years of schooling (years), n (%)

0

2425 (35.3)

Reference

1–6

2389 (34.8)

0.42 (0.37–0.47)

< 0.001

7–9

726 (10.6)

0.34 (0.28–0.41)

< 0.001

10–12

384 (5.6)

0.29

(0.22–0.38)

< 0.001

At lest 13

209 (3)

0.57 (0.42–0.77)

< 0.001

Co-residence, n (%)

Living with house member(s)

5436 (79.2)

Reference

Living alone

1160 (16.9)

1.02

(0.89–1.17)

0.767

In an institution

193 (2.8)

3.89 (2.89–5.25)

< 0.001

Economic situation, n (%)

Very rich

130 (72.2)

Reference

rich

843 (72.8)

0.97 (0.68–1.38)

0.872

So so

3250 (68.6)

1.19

(0.86–1.66)

0.301

poor

353 (55.2)

2.11

(1.47–3.03)

< 0.001

Very poor

42 (47.7)

2.85 (1.66–4.84)

< 0.001

Smoking, n (%)

Yes

1180 (17.4)

Reference

No

5619 (82.6)

1.96 (1.69–2.28)

< 0.001

Drinking, n (%)

Yes

1096 (16.2)

Reference

No

5668 (83.8)

2.25 (1.92–2.64)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

23.0 ± 8.2

0.98 (0.97–0.99)

0.001

Diabetes, n (%)

Yes

699 (10.2)

Reference

No

6163 (89.8)

0.88 (0.74–1.03)

0.113

Heart disease, n (%)

Yes

1169 (17)

Reference

No

5693 (83)

0.77 (0.67–0.87)

< 0.001

Stroke or CVD, n (%)

Yes

692 (10.1)

Reference

No

6170 (89.9)

0.80 (0.68–0.94)

0.006

Nutrient supplements, n (%)

YES

892 (13.2)

Reference

NO

5880 (86.8)

0.80 (0.69–0.93)

0.003

Physical labor before, n (%)

YES

5075 (76.4)

Reference

NO

1570 (22.9)

1.20

(1.06–1.35)

0.003

Exercise, n (%)

YES

2127(31)

Reference

NO

4735(69)

2.32

(2.06–2.62)

< 0.001

Activities, n (%)

YES

5396(78.6)

Reference

NO

1466(21.4)

7.40

(6.52–8.40)

< 0.001