Effect of intravenous esketamine on postoperative sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic abdominal surgery: a randomized controlled trial

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants

Variable	Control Group (n = 100)	Esketamine Group (n = 100)	t/χ²	P value
Age (years)	72.65 ± 5.33	73.02 ± 5.61	0.476	0.635
Males/females (n)	56 / 44	67 / 33	2.112	0.146
BMI (kg/m^− 2)	25.14 ± 3.25	25.53 ± 3.42	0.829	0.408
Smoking history (pack-years)	28.52 ± 7.24	26.94 ± 6.55	1.619	0.107
Alcohol intake (g/week)	20.15 ± 4.53	19.33 ± 3.85	1.373	0.171
ASA score (I/II/III, %)	45/40/15	42/45/13	0.54	0.763
HADS-A score	8.5 ± 2.1	8.3 ± 2.3	0.642	0.522
HADS-D score	8.2 ± 2.4	8.1 ± 2.5	0.289	0.773
Surgical Procedures
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy [(n, %)]	30 (30%)	35 (35%)	0.681	0.878
Laparoscopic Appendectomy [(n, %)]	20 (20%)	18 (18%)
Laparoscopic Hysterectomy [(n, %)]	25 (25%)	22 (22%)
Laparoscopic Colectomy [(n, %)]	25 (25%)	25 (25%)

ISSN: 1471-2318