Table 2 Summary statistics of outcome variables at baseline, 1^st follow-up, and 2^nd follow-up

Items

N

N (%)/

Mean (SD)

N

N (%)/

Mean (SD)

N

N (%)/

Mean (SD)

Meaning in life (1–7)

544

4.85 (1.20)

736

5.12 (1.27)

687

5.25 (1.12)

Depression (PHQ-2) (0–6)

1077

1.16 (1.49)

736

0.98 (1.53)

690

1.31 (1.60)

 < 3

873 (81.1%)

634 (86.1%)

560 (81.2%)

 ≥ 3

204 (18.9%)

102 (13.9%)

130 (18.8%)

Depression (PHQ-9) (0–27)

208

11.25 (4.42)

736

4.21 (4.20)

690

4.49 (4.41)

 0–4

6 (2.9%)

475 (64.5%)

418 (60.6%)

 5–9

81 (38.9%)

177 (24.0%)

196 (28.4%)

 10–14

71 (34.1%)

63 (8.6%)

47 (6.8%)

 15–19

36 (17.3%)

15 (2.0%)

25 (3.6%)

 20+

14 (6.7%)

6 (0.8%)

4 (0.6%)

Anxiety (GAD-2) (0–6)

1077

1.21 (1.46)

736

0.82 (1.34)

690

1.06 (1.45)

 < 3

894 (83.0%)

663 (90.1%)

609 (88.3%)

 ≥ 3

183 (17.0%)

73 (9.9%)

81 (11.7%)

Anxiety (GAD-7) (0–21)

184

10.62 (3.94)

736

2.48 (3.91)

688

2.96 (3.91)

 0–4

9 (4.9%)

599 (81.4%)

504 (73.3%)

 5–9

67 (36.4%)

89 (12.1%)

138 (20.1%)

 10–14

83 (45.1%)

28 (3.8%)

30 (4.4%)

 15+

25 (13.6%)

20 (2.7%)

16 (2.3%)

Loneliness (DJGLS) (0–6)

792

1.76 (1.82)

736

1.54 (1.77)

689

2.89 (2.00)

 0–1

424 (53.5%)

444 (60.3%)

211 (30.6%)

 2–4

279 (35.2%)

227 (30.8%)

286 (41.5%)

 5–6

89 (11.2%)

65 (8.8%)

192 (27.9%)

Emotional loneliness (0–3)

792

0.95 (1.04)

736

0.73 (0.93)

689

1.22 (1.08)

Social loneliness (0–3)

792

0.81 (1.28)

736

0.82 (1.18)

689

1.66 (1.34)