Table 1 Age-standardised prevalence and AAPC of four nutritional deficiencies in people aged ≥ 65 years, 1990–2021

Protein-energy malnutrition

Global

4533314.83

(3740940.41-5443113.27)

1407.16

(1159.79-1690.26)

15418031.39

(13149016.88-18111133.28)

2015.58

(1718.78-2367.40)

1.18 (1.08–1.28)

Sex

Male

2089330.08

(1721512.82-2516383.83)

1519.93

(1249.91-1832.75)

7665386.59

(6536509.70-9025533.44)

2225.14

(1897.74-2619.26)

1.26 (1.1–1.41)

Female

2443984.75

(2019696.53-2931794.96)

1326.67

(1095.49-1591.91)

7752644.80

(6598829.00-9113227.80)

1843.74

(1569.29-2167.25)

1.07 (0.98–1.17)

SDI

Low

272668.44

(230613.43-322522.81)

1707.15

(1441.17-2021.90)

503498.17

(439009.58-582295.65)

1386.26

(1208.21-1603.88)

-0.58 (-0.72 to -0.44)

Low-middle

750650.90

(626440.19-888899.69)

1723.28

(1435.95-2042.36)

1942701.44

(1660593.37-2268162.15)

1722.71

(1471.01-2012.71)

0.09 (-0.06 to 0.25)

Middle

1223587.14

(1003586.96-1474589.36)

1611.35

(1320.91-1941.28)

5033988.40

(4252316.14-5970592.70)

2215.08

(1870.79-2628.27)

1.07 (0.82–1.33)

High-middle

750427.91

(611639.40-917760.19)

906.11

(737.76-1108.34)

3601310.65

(3051227.16-4275717.85)

1970.68

(1669.24-2339.36)

2.54 (2.42–2.65)

High

1532557.63

(1248193.35-1865536.14)

1477.05

(1202.44-1798.31)

4326467.23

(3670283.24-5071469.19)

2094.95

(1777.94-2454.85)

1.09 (0.96–1.22)

Iodine deficiency

Global

6470413.55

(5086545.89-7969931.60)

1921.43

(1507.89-2372.80)

12946214.16

(9922929.15-16177960.19)

1656.34

(1269.07-2071.38)

-0.49 (-0.53 to -0.44)

Sex

Male

2460245.87

(1937755.60-3032741.71)

1674.08

(1314.46-2071.66)

4274077.99

(3286461.02-5337035.35)

1189.27

(913.92-1487.16)

-1.10 (-1.15 to -1.05)

Female

4010167.68

(3138970.81-4958974.30)

2117.87

(1656.38-2622.54)

8672136.17

(6625800.46-10830170.69)

2055.46

(1570.55-2567.22)

-0.10 (-0.13 to -0.07)

SDI

Low

1177685.68

(943188.46-1411598.54)

6825.82

(5442.79-8233.69)

2069207.53

(1588309.44-2542534.70)

5385.25

(4126.63-6640.75)

-0.76 (-0.81 to -0.71)

Low-middle

2347895.14

(1829444.98-2873177.92)

5056.67

(3929.05-6215.12)

3800169.32

(2869125.76-4763413.71)

3226.17

(2431.83-4054.98)

-1.46 (-1.51 to -1.41)

Middle

1389265.77

(1068264.90-1749853.90)

1718.50

(1318.40-2172.94)

3797472.57

(2900564.73-4779945.89)

1611.29

(1229.43-2031.44)

-0.22 (-0.28 to -0.16)

High-middle

1054281.91

(803220.55-1332658.32)

1249.80

(950.85-1583.21)

2433829.12

(1847060.76-3066390.96)

1312.91

(995.91-1655.42)

0.15 (0.11–0.19)

High

498802.24

(377317.71-639797.48)

478.15

(361.79-613.67)

842025.77

(638086.15-1076099.43)

417.71

(316.86-533.09)

-0.43 (-0.45 to -0.42)

Vitamin A deficiency

Global

21720851.05

(18803804.40-25319372.74)

6538.09

(5663.33-7617.42)

18339086.80

(15404661.35-22318642.67)

2362.40

(1984.25-2874.99)

-3.24 (-3.27 to -3.20)

Sex

Male

12379582.41

(9831846.80-15543037.78)

8670.26

(6882.29-10894.10)

9267402.50

(6894317.44-13026085.81)

2614.56

(1945.34-3671.82)

-3.80 (-3.85 to -3.76)

Female

9341268.64

(7916625.48-11269249.28)

4974.83

(4218.89-5996.64)

9071684.30

(7451532.03-11345068.46)

2153.70

(1768.77-2694.39)

-2.66 (-2.72 to -2.60)

SDI

Low

5701770.55

(5078408.16-6403349.51)

34715.80

(30897.84-39035.14)

5215881.00

(4428973.55-6256640.29)

13988.94

(11867.65-16779.86)

-2.88 (-2.96 to -2.81)

Low-middle

8446120.45

(6514927.03-10891916.75)

18864.01

(14583.49-24266.38)

6661192.92

(4894619.98-9226223.70)

5811.53

(4270.98-8043.42)

-3.74 (-3.79 to -3.69)

Middle

3849558.02

(3134135.67-4718453.01)

4915.59

(4008.68-6017.27)

3598634.35

(2872529.86-4556533.83)

1561.58

(1246.90-1977.57)

-3.63 (-3.67 to -3.59)

High-middle

2739731.07

(2346262.51-3167032.69)

3288.77

(2815.66-3805.63)

2154044.73

(1823658.43-2540753.01)

1175.54

(994.93-1386.89)

-3.26 (-3.29 to -3.24)

High

949976.50

(729114.88-1240591.72)

910.66

(699.00-1189.29)

681447.73

(502911.33-925013.16)

334.81

(246.70-454.47)

-3.17 (-3.21 to -3.14)

Dietary iron deficiency

Global

49843846.82

(47369690.94-52556025.95)

15520.14

(14712.46-16405.71)

113365952.44

(106924126.16-120391445.36)

14845.71

(13989.79-15780.29)

-0.14 (-0.17 to -0.12)

Sex

Male

24352714.48

(22867769.02-25895100.80)

18271.23

(17119.36-19472.94)

50245529.25

(46206535.49-55007935.44)

15073.06

(13849.93-16522.61)

-0.62 (-0.64 to -0.60)

Female

25491132.34

(23740364.50-27243461.53)

13807.05

(12830.02-14794.86)

63120423.20

(58943944.26-67890974.50)

14981.74

(13991.27-16113.86)

0.27 (0.25–0.28)

SDI

Low

4967353.99

(4614562.84-5343056.48)

31269.89

(29118.07-33536.62)

11796287.78

(10833582.21-12814008.24)

32539.75

(30007.91-35214.84)

0.13 (0.11–0.15)

Low-middle

14793276.58

(13918939.35-15782138.48)

33667.41

(31643.90-35921.99)

37096138.30

(34536566.29-39883580.39)

32716.25

(30449.39-35211.45)

-0.09 (-0.11 to -0.07)

Middle

15573875.24

(14519832.19-16665191.96)

20726.35

(19305.41-22192.02)

38016494.23

(34919791.16-41413015.80)

16971.54

(15588.11-18482.20)

-0.64 (-0.68 to -0.61)

High-middle

9019819.27

(8093898.03-10097921.97)

11380.38

(10169.43-12803.02)

15600372.74

(13878410.25-17598031.83)

8698.85

(7728.95-9821.80)

-0.86 (-0.93 to -0.79)

High

5448212.58

(4541790.91-6509874.51)

5377.61

(4480.68-6424.53)

10783782.13

(8641738.74-13607094.50)

4929.39

(3953.57-6229.07)

-0.27 (-0.33 to -0.20)