Table 1 Distribution of activities of daily living, depressive symptoms, and cognitive functions in older adults with different demographic characteristics

Age (years)

< 0.001

0.016

< 0.001

 60 ∼ 65

1676(47.18)

34.16

3.53

9.62

6.73

21.16

5.23

 66 ∼ 75

1547(43.55)

33.38

4.25

9 0.66

6.80

20.78

5.43

 76 and above

329(9.26)

32.59

4.76

8.52

6.14

18.97

5.62

Gender

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Male

1676(47.18)

22.02

3.93

8.44

6.14

22.31

4.64

 Female

1876(52.82)

21.37

4.05

10.52

7.05

19.44

5.65

Education level

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Illiterate or semi-illiterate

1892(53.27)

21.22

4.24

10.77

7.02

18.23

5.18

 Primary school

919(25.87)

21.88

3.96

8.68

6.22

22.86

4.00

 Middle school and above

741(20.86)

22.57

3.23

7.44

5.74

24.78

3.59

Marital status

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 With spouse

2798(78.77)

21.84

3.88

9.21

6.55

21.23

5.23

 Without spouse

754(21.23)

21.05

4.42

10.75

7.15

19.15

5.52

Current residence

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Rural

2688(75.68)

21.41

4.15

10.16

6.76

19.95

5.33

 Urban

864(24.32)

22.49

3.41

7.60

6.18

23.42

4.67

Region

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Eastern region

1181(33.25)

22.13

3.46

8.13

6.20

21.27

5.26

 Central region

1251(35.22)

21.42

4.29

9.63

6.67

21.04

5.34

 Western region

1120(31.53)

21.47

4.19

10.92

6.98

20.01

5.50

Number of chronic diseases

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 0

309(8.70)

23.06

2.04

6.95

5.49

20.11

5.40

 1

679(19.12)

22.43

3.15

8.03

6.12

20.34

5.42

 2

743(20.92)

21.99

3.81

8.84

6.35

20.47

5.61

 ≥ 3

1821(51.27)

21.03

4.48

10.83

6.97

21.21

5.25

Sleep duration (hours)

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 < 6

1428(40.20)

20.96

4.55

11.83

6.97

20.22

5.35

 6 ∼ 8

1763(49.63)

22.29

3.36

7.92

6.02

21.60

5.20

 > 8

361(10.16)

21.49

4.19

8.34

6.29

19.10

5.78

Self-reported health status

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Good

556(15.65)

22.88

2.83

6.30

5.33

20.44

5.77

 Fair

1729(48.68)

22.48

2.88

8.31

5.95

21.25

5.23

 Poor

1267(35.67)

20.04

5.10

12.64

7.03

20.32

5.38

Physical exercise

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Yes

1869(52.62)

22.05

3.49

8.98

6.43

21.39

5.24

 No

1683(47.38)

21.26

4.48

10.16

6.96

20.13

5.48

Smoking

0.002

0.044

< 0.001

 Yes

861(24.24)

22.03

3.57

9.15

6.36

21.45

4.96

 No

2691(75.76)

21.56

4.14

9.66

6.81

20.58

5.50

Drinking

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Yes

1067(30.04)

22.34

3.20

8.32

6.10

21.90

5.07

 No

2485(69.96)

21.39

4.28

10.06

6.90

20.31

5.45

Sarcopenia status

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 No-sarcopenia

2989(84.15)

21.79

3.92

9.33

6.65

21.14

5.30

 Possible sarcopenia

338(9.52)

21.89

3.63

9.92

6.62

19.36

5.53

 Sarcopenia

225(6.33)

19.78

5.17

11.78

7.30

18.30

5.40