Table 2 Subgroup analysis based on study design, country-specific, cancer types
Subgroup | Type | No. of studies | Sample size (N) | Pooled prevalence [95% CI] | Heterogeneity (I2) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study design | Retrospective | 21 | 110,768 | 24.5% [19.6%–30.3%] | 100% |  < 0.01 |
Cross-sectional | 26 | 47,677 | 28.2% [23.1%–33.6%] | 99% |  < 0.01 | |
Randomized Clinical Trial | 7 | 4,616 | 18.0% [12.0%–25.0%] | 88% |  < 0.01 | |
Prospective | 31 | 75,444 | 24.7% [19.6%–31.1%] | 98% |  < 0.01 | |
Case–control | 1 | 234 | 14.0% [10.0%–19.0%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Country | Australia | 3 | 1,153 | 19% [4%–37%] | 97% |  < 0.01 |
Belgium | 3 | 8,444 | 20% [15%–26%] | 0% | 0.71 | |
Canada | 6 | 4,003 | 34% [25%–43%] | 95% |  < 0.01 | |
China | 2 | 213 | 24% [5%–67%] | 67% | 0.36 | |
Denmark | 4 | 822 | 11% [7%–14%] | 0% | 0.71 | |
Europe | 1 | 82 | 3% [2%–5%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
France | 3 | 1,037 | 49% [30%–68%] | 98% |  < 0.01 | |
Germany | 1 | 285 | 23% [19%–28%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Ireland | 2 | 262 | 4% [0%–10%] | 99% |  < 0.01 | |
Italy | 1 | 442 | 23% [19%–27%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Japan | 1 | 98 | 41% [32%–51%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Korea | 1 | 356 | 50% [45%–55%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Lebanon | 1 | 100 | 43% [34%–53%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Poland | 2 | 383 | 45% [30%–51%] | 97% |  < 0.01 | |
Spain | 2 | 610 | 36% [5%–63%] | 98% |  < 0.01 | |
Switzerland | 1 | 198 | 18% [13%–24%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Taiwan | 1 | 1,748 | 3% [2%–4%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Thailand | 1 | 123 | 24% [17%–32%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Turkey | 1 | 180 | 49% [42%–57%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
UK | 1 | 417 | 14% [10%–17%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
USA | 36 | 161,654 | 22% [18%–27%] | 95% |  < 0.01 | |
Cancer type | Breast cancer | 11 | 3,056 | 32% [21%–46%] | 94% |  < 0.01 |
Colorectal cancer | 4 | 67,597 | 15% [1%–78%] | 100% |  < 0.01 | |
Endometrial cancer | 1 | 1,024 | 59% [56%–62%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Esophageal cancer | 1 | 300 | 21% [16%–26%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Gastrointestinal cancer | 5 | 1,019 | 28% [7%–68%] | 98% |  < 0.01 | |
Gynaecologic cancer | 1 | 90 | 24% [17%–34%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Lymphoma | 1 | 301 | 21% [17%–26%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Multiple myeloma | 1 | 234 | 14% [10%–19%] | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
Prostate cancer | 4 | 2,210 | 11% [2%–41%] | 97% |  < 0.01 |