Annual societal cost of Alzheimer’s disease in Malaysia: a micro-costing approach

BMC Geriatrics

Table 2 Breakdown of annual societal cost of Alzheimer’s disease per capita based on disease severity among study population in Malaysia expressed in 2023 US dollar

Cost Categories (USD)	Mild AD (n = 51)		Moderate AD (n = 55)		Severe AD (n = 29)		P value	Per capita
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD		Mean	SD
Direct cost
DMC	539.83	385.95	580.06	485.98	677.82	585.68	0.189	579.84	468.33
DNMC
Transportation	57.72	71.14	81.02	123.60	52.56	56.95	0.31	66.10	94.24
SA	231.15	825.40	766.36	2071.01	1100.67	2021.71	0.07	635.99	1718.37
Equipment & Tools	139.11	202.02	227.69	341.76	261.85	536.98	0.26	201.57	353.69
Consumables	98.78	222.58	191.27	536.92	554.67	885.84	0.002**	234.39	573.23
Community Care	52.04	209.59	215.86	867.40	417.33	1369.74	0.18	197.25	854.56
DNMC Total	578.80	1086.26	1482.20	2310.78	2387.08	2742.45	< 0.001***	1335.30	2151.68
Indirect Cost
Base case	5162.46	6723.89	6986.22	5141.03	8878.30	5909.35	0.024**	6703.69	6064.46
Lower-bound SA 1	2600.35	2654.27	3907.22	2465.75	4613.90	2493.29	0.003**	3565.32	2649.19
Lower-bound SA 2	5657.83	3342.09	7757.77	3352.74	7838.71	3397.34	0.018**	6981.85	3490.36
Upper-bound SA	10,743.78	8381.12	14,196.60	8325.18	15,741.14	9725.33	0.043**	13,223.99	8832.02
Societal cost
Base case	6281.10	6879.83	9048.47	5706.84	11,943.19	6954.17	0.001**	8618.83	6740.79
Lower-bound SA 1	3718.98	3004.63	5969.48	3422.66	7678.80	3740.74	< 0.001***	5486.48	3652.15
Lower-bound SA 2	6776.47	3789.97	9820.02	3986.35	10,903.61	4391.07	< 0.001***	8903.00	4327.23
Upper-bound SA	11,862.42	8656.07	16,258.86	8666.48	18,806.04	10,611.18	0.003**	15,145.15	9447.97

Remarks: DMC Direct medical cost, DNMC Direct non-medical cost, IDC Indirect cost, SA Sensitivity analysis; Base case analysis: Opportunity cost approach without supervision time; upper-bound SA estimates include supervision cost in opportunity cost approach; lower-bound SA 1 estimate valued IDC via replacement cost approach without supervision cost while lower bound SA 2 estimates valued IDC via replacement cost approach including supervision cost. P value for comparison of differences in means across AD severity groups using ANOVA; * denotes statistical significance of p < 0.05; ** denotes statistical significance of p < 0.01; *** denotes statistical significance of p < 0.001

ISSN: 1471-2318