Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study group by frailty status
Characteristics | Total (n = 194) | Non-frailty (n = 114) | Frailty (n = 80) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Male, n (%) | 78 (40.2%) | 36 (31.6%) | 42 (52.5%) | 0.00 |
Age, (mean ± SD) years | 84.4 ± 6.3 | 82.7 ± 5.5 | 86.7 ± 6.8 | 0.00 |
>85 years, n (%) | 87 (44.8%) | 37 (32.5%) | 50 (62.5%) | 0.00 |
Medical history, n (%) | ||||
COPD | 9 (4.6%) | 2 (1.8%) | 7 (8.8%) | 0.05 |
Chronic kidney disease | 9 (4.6%) | 2 (1.8%) | 7 (8.8%) | 0.05 |
Hypertension | 121 (62.4%) | 64 (56.1%) | 57 (71.3%) | 0.03 |
Arrhythmia | 34 (17.5%) | 11 (9.6%) | 23 (28.7%) | 0.00 |
Diabetes | 43 (22.2%) | 24 (21.1%) | 19 (23.8%) | 0.66 |
Coronary heart disease | 37 (19.1%) | 14 (12.3%) | 23 (28.7%) | 0.00 |
Congestive heart failure | 7 (3.6%) | 1 (0.9%) | 6 (7.5%) | 0.02 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 36 (18.6%) | 15 (13.2%) | 21 (26.3%) | 0.02 |
Central nervous system disease | 28 (14.4%) | 7 (6.1%) | 21 (26.3%) | 0.00 |
Malignant tumor | 15 (7.7%) | 6 (5.3%) | 9 (11.3%) | 0.12 |
Pneumonia | 7 (3.6%) | 2 (1.8%) | 5 (6.3%) | 0.13 |
Water-electrolyte imbalance | 18 (9.3%) | 10 (8.8%) | 8 (10.0%) | 0.77 |
The modified preoperative risk scoring system | 22.2 ± 7.9 | 19.6 ± 5.7 | 25.9 ± 9.2 | 0.00 |
Time from admission to surgery, days | 4.4 ± 3.3 | 3.5 ± 2.4 | 5.6 ± 3.9 | 0.00 |
Fracture type, n (%) | 0.73 | |||
Femoral neck fracture | 102 (52.6%) | 58 (50.9%) | 44 (55.0%) | |
Intertrochanteric fracture | 88 (45.4%) | 53 (46.5%) | 35 (43.8%) | |
Subtrochanteric femoral fracture | 4 (2.1%) | 3 (2.6%) | 1 (1.3%) | |
Emergency operation, n (%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.00 |
General anesthesia, n (%) | 10 (5.2%) | 4 (3.5%) | 6 (7.5%) | 0.36 |
Laboratory evaluation | ||||
Hemoglobin, (mean ± SD) g/L | 113.9 ± 19.7 | 113.9 ± 19.0 | 113.9 ± 20.7 | 0.98 |
<110 g/L, n (%) | 78 (40.2%) | 44 (38.6%) | 34 (42.5%) | 0.59 |
Serum creatinine, (mean ± SD) umol/L | 69.2 ± 47.5 | 58.6 ± 21.0 | 84.2 ± 66.9 | 0.00 |
176.8umol/L, n (%) | 3 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (3.8%) | 0.07 |
Serum albumin, (mean ± SD) g/L | 35.6 ± 4.9 | 36.0 ± 5.0 | 34.9 ± 4.5 | 0.12 |
<25 g/L, n (%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.00 |
Blood transfusion, n (%) | 114 (58.8%) | 65 (57.0%) | 49 (61.3%) | 0.56 |
Human albumin infusion, n (%) | 63 (32.5%) | 25 (21.9%) | 38 (47.5%) | 0.00 |
Clavien-Dindo classification ≥ 2, n (%) | 39 (20.1%) | 14 (12.3%) | 25 (31.3%) | 0.00 |
Clavien-Dindo classification ≥ 3, n (%) | 5 (2.6%) | 2 (1.8%) | 3 (3.8%) | 0.41 |
Length of stay, (mean ± SD) days | 25.4 ± 26.9 | 18.8 ± 21.1 | 34.8 ± 31.4 | 0.00 |
30-day mortality, n (%) | 2 (1.0%) | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (1.3%) | 1.00 |
6-month mortality, n (%) | 12 (6.2%) | 3 (2.6%) | 9 (11.3%) | 0.03 |
1-year mortality, n (%) | 22 (11.3%) | 5 (4.4%) | 17 (21.3%) | 0.00 |