Table 1 Demographic characteristics of cognitive frailty elderly (N = 529)

Age

81.34 ± 6.25

84.18 ± 5.32

80.27 ± 6.24

< 0.001

Gender

0.169

 Female

321 (60.68%)

96 (65.75%)

225 (58.75%)

 Male

208 (39.32%)

50 (34.24%)

158 (41.25%)

BMI

0.519

 <18.5

24 (4.51%)

7 (4.79%)

17 (4.43%)

 18.5 ~ 25

321 (60.68%)

87 (59.58%)

234 (61.09%)

 ≥ 25

184 (34.78%)

50 (35.63%)

134 (34.38%)

Smoking or drinking

0.463

 No

504 (95.27%)

137 (93.83%)

367 (95.82%)

 Yes

25 (4.73%)

9 (6.17%)

16 (4.18%)

Multi-tablet

0.579

 No

244 (46.12%)

64 (43.84%)

180 (47.00%)

 Yes

285 (53.88%)

82 (56.16%)

203 (53.00%)

Living status

< 0.001

 Living without family members

115 (%)

35 (23.97%)

80 (20.89%)

 Living with family

415 (78.45%)

112 (76.03%)

303 (79.11%)

Occupation before retirement

< 0.001

 Administrative personnel

179 (33.65%)

33 (22.60%)

145 (37.86%)

 Worker

269 (50.85%)

66 (45.21%)

203 (53.00%)

 farmer

69 (13.04%)

41 (28.08%)

28 (7.31%)

 Other

13 (2.46%)

6 (4.11%)

7 (1.83%)

Education

< 0.001

 Primary school

44(8.32%)

28 (19.18%)

16 (4.18%)

 Junior high school

87 (16.45%)

32 (21.92%)

55 (14.36%)

 Senior high school

215 (40.83%)

53 (36.30%)

162 (42.29%)

 Bachelor or higher

183 (34.40%)

33 (22.60%)

150 (39.17%)

Depression

2.76 ± 1.50

3.00 ± 1.89

2.67 ± 1.30

0.209

IADL

12.65 ± 3.91

11.71 ± 4.19

14.01 ± 3.67

< 0.001

Sleep (Athens Insomnia Scale)

4 ± 1.94

4.47 ± 1.32

3.80 ± 1.74

0.154

Social Support Scale

33.65 ± 3.98

29.58 ± 4.37

31.56 ± 2.76

0.289

Lubben Social network scale

31.76 ± 4.21

28.56 ± 3.89

32.28 ± 4.39

0.213

Loneliness

0.118

 0–1 (scores)

355 (67.11%)

86 (65.75%)

259 (67.62%)

 2–4 (scores)

174 (36.89%)

50 (34.25%)

124 (32.38%)