Table 2 Differences in gait parameters among the PD-nFOG group, PD-FOG group, and HC group

Sit-to-stand

 SiSt—Average Duration (s)

1.43 ± 0.49

1.80 ± 0.78

1.95 ± 0.97

 < 0.001

HC <  < PD; HC <  <  < FOG

—

 SiSt—Trunk Sagittal Peak Velocity (degree/s)

85.73 ± 23.94

65.55 ± 18.76

63.78 ± 18.95

 < 0.001

HC >  >  > PD, FOG

—

 SiSt—Trunk Sagittal RoM (degree)

37.44 ± 10.56

32.8 ± 7.78

32.49 ± 7.97

 < 0.001

HC >  > PD, FOG

—

Walking

 Step Length (cm)

55.11 ± 9.82

49.24 ± 10.18

46.55 ± 10.36

 < 0.001

HC >  >  > PD, FOG

—

 Stride Velocity (m/s)

1.01 ± 0.22

0.90 ± 0.22

0.86 ± 0.20

 < 0.001

HC >  >  > PD, FOG

—

 Stride Length (cm)

109.19 ± 19.70

97.57 ± 20.10

92.22 ± 20.27

 < 0.001

HC >  >  > PD, FOG

—

 Cadence (step/min)

111.87 ± 13.97

110.18 ± 11.99

113.61 ± 12.88

0.243

—

—

 Gait Cycle (s)

1.11 ± 0.14

1.11 ± 0.13

1.08 ± 0.12

0.302

—

—

 Double Support (%)

21.85 ± 5.34

23.19 ± 7.18

20.56 ± 5.13

0.009

—

PD >  > FOG

 Swing Phase (%)

39.62 ± 2.90

38.82 ± 3.81

40.19 ± 2.78

0.010

—

PD < FOG

 Swing Phase CV (%)

5.93 ± 3.13

6.74 ± 2.74

6.61 ± 2.70

0.165

—

—

 Double Support CV (%)

14.76 ± 5.82

16.22 ± 7.41

16.96 ± 7.15

0.182

—

—

 Cadence CV (%)

7.50 ± 8.10

8.32 ± 10.86

8.16 ± 4.45

0.773

—

—

 Gait Cycle CV (%)

4.15 ± 1.86

4.66 ± 2.45

5.13 ± 3.73

0.121

—

—

 Stride Velocity CV (%)

8.81 ± 4.95

9.94 ± 5.23

10.89 ± 5.90

0.071

—

—

 Step Length CV (%)

6.01 ± 3.05

7.66 ± 5.69

8.87 ± 7.16

0.007

HC <  < FOG

—

 Shank RoM (degree)

70.43 ± 10.72

59.87 ± 11.78

60.77 ± 11.08

 < 0.001

HC >  >  > PD, FOG

—

 Peak Shank Angular Velocity (degree/s)

357.38 ± 60.09

314.97 ± 57.76

311.52 ± 57.74

 < 0.001

HC >  >  > PD, FOG

—

 Trunk Coronal Peak Velocity (degree/s)

24.70 ± 6.55

21.62 ± 6.82

21.83 ± 7.46

0.005

HC >  > PD; HC > FOG

—

 Trunk Coronal RoM (degree)

5.02 ± 2.20

3.31 ± 1.70

3.49 ± 1.59

 < 0.001

HC >  >  > PD, FOG

—

 Trunk Sagittal Peak Velocity (degree/s)

36.42 ± 12.28

31.16 ± 11.31

31.58 ± 9.03

0.009

HC > PD, FOG

—

 Trunk Sagittal RoM (degree)

4.85 ± 1.47

3.99 ± 1.67

4.29 ± 1.28

0.001

HC >  >  > PD

—

 Trunk Transverse Peak Velocity (degree/s)

45.29 ± 12.5

38.01 ± 11.77

37.71 ± 11.16

 < 0.001

HC >  >  > PD, FOG

—

 Trunk Transverse RoM (degree)

10.32 ± 3.36

8.05 ± 3.72

8.70 ± 3.45

 < 0.001

HC >  >  > PD; HC > FOG

—

 Arm Peak Velocity (degree/s)

182.11 ± 59.48

151.07 ± 66.08

159.91 ± 79.91

0.005

HC >  > PD

—

 Arm RoM (degree)

34.41 ± 14.07

24.52 ± 12.28

25.97 ± 14.05

 < 0.001

HC >  >  > PD, FOG

—

 Stride Length Asymmetry (%)

3.62 ± 2.62

3.63 ± 3.00

4.49 ± 2.68

0.052

—

—

 Swing Asymmetry (%)

6.37 ± 4.42

8.28 ± 3.93

8.10 ± 4.25

0.007

HC <  < PD

—

 Shank RoM Asymmetry (%)

6.96 ± 5.30

9.67 ± 8.38

7.95 ± 5.31

0.013

HC < PD

—

 Shank Symbolic Symmetry Index (%)

11.72 ± 3.30

11.73 ± 2.83

11.20 ± 2.48

0.433

—

—

 Phase Coordination Index (%)

7.63 ± 4.54

9.00 ± 5.38

8.82 ± 5.67

0.220

—

—

 Arm Symbolic Symmetry Index (%)

34.95 ± 5.54

37.31 ± 5.29

37.10 ± 5.25

0.004

HC <  < PD; HC < FOG

—

Turning

 Turning—Average Duration (s)

1.51 ± 0.25

2.09 ± 1.26

2.09 ± 1.07

 < 0.001

HC <  <  < PD; HC <  < FOG

—

 Turning—Average Steps

2.10 ± 0.74

2.53 ± 1.74

3.27 ± 2.30

 < 0.001

HC <  <  < FOG

PD <  < FOG

 Turning—Peak Velocity (degree/s)

166.83 ± 31.99

129.15 ± 31.51

126.56 ± 30.08

 < 0.001

HC >  >  > PD, FOG

—

 Turning—Average Angular Velocity (degree/s)

122.29 ± 13.21

99.77 ± 26.46

100.71 ± 27.14

 < 0.001

HC >  >  > PD, FOG

—

Stand-to-sit

 StSi—Average Duration (s)

1.99 ± 0.53

2.30 ± 0.89

2.17 ± 0.71

0.024

HC < PD

—

 StSi—Trunk Sagittal Peak Velocity (degree/s)

86.47 ± 27.00

64.28 ± 22.18

62.41 ± 19.11

 < 0.001

HC >  >  > PD, FOG

—

 StSi—Trunk Sagittal RoM (degree)

40.76 ± 11.80

33.95 ± 9.38

33.67 ± 10.17

 < 0.001

HC >  >  > PD, FOG

—