Table 1 Baseline characteristics of respondents and differences between groups

Age

< 0.001

 Mean (SD)

66.54 (5.94)

67.11 (6.22)

67.62 (6.15)

67.73 (6.13)

67.34 (6.12)

Gender

< 0.001

 Male

540 (53.2%)

229 (43.7%)

412 (54.9%)

888 (46.6%)

2069 (49.3%)

 Female

475 (46.8%)

295 (56.3%)

339 (45.1%)

1017 (53.4%)

2126 (50.7%)

Census

< 0.001

 Rural

785 (77.3%)

421 (80.3%)

581 (77.4%)

1601 (84.0%)

3388 (80.8%)

 Urban

230 (22.7%)

103 (19.7%)

170 (22.6%)

304 (16.0%)

807 (19.2%)

Education

< 0.001

 Elementary school and below

774 (76.3%)

437 (83.4%)

610 (81.2%)

1642 (86.2%)

3463 (82.6%)

 Junior high school

157 (15.5%)

59 (11.3%)

89 (11.9%)

194 (10.2%)

499 (11.9%)

 High school

54 (5.3%)

20 (3.8%)

41 (5.5%)

50 (2.6%)

165 (3.9%)

 College and above

30 (3.0%)

8 (1.5%)

11 (1.5%)

19 (1.0%)

68 (1.6%)

Marry

0.814

 Not married

200 (19.7%)

102 (19.5%)

155 (20.6%)

362 (19.0%)

819 (19.5%)

 Married

815 (80.3%)

422 (80.5%)

596 (79.4%)

1543 (81.0%)

3376 (80.5%)

Smoking

0.004

 No

582 (57.3%)

325 (62.0%)

401 (53.4%)

1146 (60.2%)

2454 (58.5%)

 Yes

433 (42.7%)

199 (38.0%)

350 (46.6%)

759 (39.8%)

1741 (41.5%)

Drinking

0.015

 No

675 (66.5%)

366 (69.8%)

504 (67.1%)

1365 (71.7%)

2910 (69.4%)

 Yes

340 (33.5%)

158 (30.2%)

247 (32.9%)

540 (28.3%)

1285 (30.6%)

Malignancies

0.229

 No

1011 (99.6%)

520 (99.2%)

742 (98.8%)

1885 (99.0%)

4158 (99.1%)

 Yes

4 (0.4%)

4 (0.8%)

9 (1.2%)

20 (1.0%)

37 (0.9%)

Psychiatric problems

0.178

 No

1008 (99.3%)

517 (98.7%)

740 (98.5%)

1873 (98.3%)

4138 (98.6%)

 Yes

7 (0.7%)

7 (1.3%)

11 (1.5%)

32 (1.7%)

57 (1.4%)

Digestive disease

< 0.001

 No

864 (85.1%)

415 (79.2%)

585 (77.9%)

1386 (72.8%)

3250 (77.5%)

 Yes

151 (14.9%)

109 (20.8%)

166 (22.1%)

519 (27.2%)

945 (22.5%)

Stroke

0.053

 No

997 (98.2%)

507 (96.8%)

722 (96.1%)

1843 (96.7%)

4069 (97.0%)

 Yes

18 (1.8%)

17 (3.2%)

29 (3.9%)

62 (3.3%)

126 (3.0%)

Heart problems

< 0.001

 No

891 (87.8%)

473 (90.3%)

628 (83.6%)

1556 (81.7%)

3548 (84.6%)

 Yes

124 (12.2%)

51 (9.7%)

123 (16.4%)

349 (18.3%)

647 (15.4%)

Diabetes

0.220

 No

957 (94.3%)

489 (93.3%)

706 (94.0%)

1761 (92.4%)

3913 (93.3%)

 Yes

58 (5.7%)

35 (6.7%)

45 (6.0%)

144 (7.6%)

282 (6.7%)

Hypertension

0.001

 No

741 (73.0%)

371 (70.8%)

505 (67.2%)

1259 (66.1%)

2876 (68.6%)

 Yes

274 (27.0%)

153 (29.2%)

246 (32.8%)

646 (33.9%)

1319 (31.4%)

Fall occurrence

< 0.001

 No

876 (86.3%)

435 (83.0%)

612 (81.5%)

1448 (76.0%)

3371 (80.4%)

 Yes

139 (13.7%)

89 (17.0%)

139 (18.5%)

457 (24.0%)

824 (19.6%)

Muscle strength

0.002

 No

461 (46.3%)

221 (43.8%)

302 (41.9%)

700 (39.0%)

1684 (41.9%)

 Yes

535 (53.7%)

283 (56.2%)

419 (58.1%)

1096 (61.0%)

2333 (58.1%)

Physical performance

< 0.001

 No

598 (59.9%)

277 (54.1%)

419 (56.8%)

898 (48.5%)

2192 (53.5%)

 Yes

400 (40.1%)

235 (45.9%)

319 (43.2%)

954 (51.5%)

1908 (46.5%)

Muscle mass

0.014

 No

754 (74.3%)

378 (72.1%)

531 (70.7%)

1308 (68.7%)

2971 (70.8%)

 Yes

261 (25.7%)

146 (27.9%)

220 (29.3%)

597 (31.3%)

1224 (29.2%)