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Table 2 Regressions exploring the association between hypertension and cognitive function

From: Hypertension may lead to cognitive dysfunction in older adults via methylmalonic acid: evidence from NHANES 2011–2014 population

 

Crude model

Model 1

Model2

Model 3

Model 4

β

95%CI

P

β

95%CI

P

β

95%CI

P

β

95%CI

P

β

95%CI

P

Hypertension

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

−0.982

−1.283, −0.680

 < 0.001

−0.640

−0.931, −0.358

 < 0.001

−0.666

−0.956, −0.375

 < 0.001

−0.699

−0.983, −0.416

 < 0.001

−0.640

−0.935, −0.346

 < 0.001

Age

 < 68

   

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 > = 68

   

−1.582

−1.803, −1.361

 < 0.001

−1.536

−1.771, −1.300

 < 0.001

−1.439

−1.666, −1.213

 < 0.001

−1.376

−1.601, −1.151

 < 0.001

Sex

 Male

   

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Female

   

0.590

0.387, 0.793

 < 0.001

0.608

0.385, 0.831

 < 0.001

0.699

0.429, 0.970

 < 0.001

0.681

0.405, 0.956

 < 0.001

Ethnicity/Race

 Non-Hispanic White

   

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Non-Hispanic Black

   

−1.397

−1.711, −1.082

 < 0.001

−1.416

−1.736, −1.095

 < 0.001

−1.289

−1.628, −0.941

 < 0.001

−1.385

−1.754, −1.016

 < 0.001

 Mexican American

   

−0.766

−1.165, −0.368

 < 0.001

−0.799

−1.199, −0.398

 < 0.001

−0.829

−1.243, −0.416

0.001

−0.896

−1.327, −0.466

0.001

 Other Hispanic

   

−1.538

−1.874, −1.203

 < 0.001

−1.535

−1.864, −1.206

 < 0.001

−1.408

−1.744, −1.071

 < 0.001

−1.468

−1.842, −1.094

 < 0.001

 Other Race

   

−0.755

−1.115, −0.394

 < 0.001

−0.701

−1.077, −0.325

0.001

−0.468

−0.884, −0.053

0.031

−0.558

−0.975, −0.140

0.015

Education Level

 Below high school

   

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 High school or equivalent

   

1.022

0.585,1.459

 < 0.001

0.998

0.559, 1.437

 < 0.001

0.837

0.345, 1.329

0.004

0.796

0.311, 1.282

0.005

 College or above

   

2.436

2.046,2.827

 < 0.001

2.420

2.024, 2.816

 < 0.001

2.125

1.647, 2.603

 < 0.001

2.072

1.562, 2.581

 < 0.001

Marital Status

 Married/Living with partner

   

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Widowed/Divorced/Separated/Never married

   

−0.382

−0.689, −0.075

0.017

−0.382

−0.694, −0.069

0.020

−0.330

−0.651, −0.010

0.045

−0.280

−0.609, 0.050

0.087

BMI

 18.5–24.9

      

Ref

Ref

Ref

 < 18.5

      

−0.482

−1.337, 0.372

0.250

−0.510

−1.546, 0.526

0.299

−0.458

−1.498, 0.583

0.346

 25–29.9

      

0.085

−0.245, 0.415

0.593

0.073

−0.277, 0.422

0.653

0.056

−0.289, 0.401

0.722

 > = 30

      

0.205

−0.151, 0.560

0.242

0.206

−0.143, 0.555

0.217

0.194

−0.159, 0.547

0.246

Vitamin B12

 < 148

      

Ref

Ref

Ref

 148–220

      

0.563

−0.050, 1.176

0.070

0.554

−0.142, 1.251

0.107

0.343

−0.417, 1.103

0.334

 > = 220

      

0.504

−0.040, 1.047

0.067

0.503

−0.063, 1.068

0.076

0.129

−0.429, 0.688

0.613

Physical Activity

 Inactive

       

Ref

Ref

 Moderate

         

0.275

−0.021, 0.571

0.065

0.267

−0.038, 0.572

0.079

 Vigorous

         

0.144

−0.396, 0.684

0.566

0.211

−0.313, 0.735

0.386

 Both moderate and vigorous

         

0.436

0.008, 0.864

0.047

0.395

−0.048, 0.839

0.075

Short-term Alcohol Intake, gm, N (%)

 < = 28 (Male) / < = 14 (Female)

       

Ref

Ref

 > 28 (Male) / > 14 (Female)

         

0.192

−0.269, 0.654

0.374

0.184

−0.286, 0.654

0.399

Alcohol Drinks > = 12 in the Past 12 Months, N (%)

 No

         

Ref

Ref

 Yes

         

0.590

0.315, 0.864

 < 0.001

0.578

0.305, 0.852

 < 0.001

Smoking

 Never

       

Ref

Ref

 Former

         

−0.285

−0.628, 0.057

0.093

−0.304

−0.646, 0.038

0.076

 Now

         

−0.596

−1.015, −0.177

0.010

−0.590

−1.019, −0.160

0.013

Log_sMMA

            

−0.476

−0.725, −0.227

0.002

R-squared

0.0370

0.3120

0.3130

0.3290

0.3360

Adjusted R-squared

0.0367

0.311

0.3100

0.3261

0.3329

F-change

 

825.225, p < 0.001

5.886, p = 0.344

34.814, p = 0.017

18.703, p = 0.002

  1. Crude model: Non-adjusted
  2. Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education level, marital status
  3. Model 2: Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education level, marital status, BMI, Vitamin B12
  4. Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education level, marital status, BMI, Vitamin B12, physical activity, short-term alcohol intake, alcohol drinks > = 12 in the past 12 months, smoking
  5. Model 4: Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education level, marital status, BMI, Vitamin B12, physical activity, short-term alcohol intake, alcohol drinks > = 12 in the past 12 months, smoking, Log_sMMA
  6. BMI Body mass index, Log_sMMA The logarithm of sMMA
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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