Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the participants

Male sex (n, %)

581(61.6)^{b, d}

225(58.4)

1027(64.2)^d

454(54)^{a, c,}

Age (year)

43.0 ± 12.6^{b, c,d}

53.5 ± 12.2^{a, d}

55.5 ± 15.1^{a, d}

62.6 ± 12.3^{a, b,c}

Educational status (≥ high school) (%)

287 (30.4)^{c, d}

132 (34.3)^{c, d}

381 (23.8)^{a, b}

208 (24.8)^{a, b}

Currently smoking (n, %)

241 (25.6)^d

96 (24.9)^d

346 (21.6)

145 (17.3)^a

Currently drinking (n, %)

53 (5.6)

26 (6.8)

78 (4.9)

33 (3.9)

History Of hypertension (n, %)

703 (74.5)

283 (73.5)

1178 (73.7)

625 (74.4)

History of diabetes (nn,%)

98 (10.4)^{b, c,d}

126 (32.7)^{a, c,d}

410 (25.6)^{a, b,d}

371 (44.2)^{a, b,c}

History of stroke (n,%)

33(3.5)^{c, d}

25(6.5)^d

130(8.1)^{a, d}

99(11.8)^{a, b,c}

Hand grip strength (kg)

29.4 ± 7.3^{c, d}

29.4 ± 7.3^{c, d}

16.6 ± 5.9^{a, b}

16.1 ± 5.9^{a, b}

Waist circumference (cm)

76.3 ± 6.7^{b, c,d}

95.8 ± 6.7^{a, c}

77.5 ± 6.8^{a, b,d}

95.5 ± 7.2^{a, c}

Dialysis vintage (months)

47.8 ± 37.5

48.8 ± 43.3

46.3 ± 39.5

46.5 ± 37.5

Cognitive impairment (n,%)

149 (15.8)^{c, d}

74 (19.2)^{c, d}

584 (36.5)^{a, b}

331 (39.4)^{a, b}

Serum creatinine (µmol/L)

1105.6 ± 2435.4^{c, d}

992.3 ± 320.4

910.8 ± 2153.7^a

847.7 ± 307.2^a

Serum uric acid (µmol/L)

442.9 ± 125.4^{b, c}

472.5 ± 343.6^{a, c,d}

413.9 ± 133.2^{a, b,d}

434.7 ± 237.5^{b, c}

BMI

21.3 ± 2.3^{a, b,c}

26.4 ± 3.1^{a, c,d}

20.9 ± 2.5^{a, b,d}

25.8 ± 3.2^{a, b,c}

Hemoglobin, g/L

109.6 ± 20.7

109.4 ± 17.8

107.7 ± 22.0

107.8 ± 18.8

Serum albumin, g/L

41.7 ± 15.4^{c, d}

40.7 ± 4.2^c

39.7 ± 5.2^{a, b}

40.0 ± 4.1^a

LTI, kg/m²

16.3 ± 4.4^{c, d}

16.2 ± 3.2^c

14.7 ± 4.1^{a, b}

14.6 ± 4.8^{a, b}

FTI, kg/m²

6.1 ± 6.1^{b, d}

10.6 ± 5.4^{a, c,d}

6.5 ± 5.3^{b, d}

11.5 ± 5.6^{a, b,c}

MMSE score

30.0 (28.0, 30.0) ^{c, d}

29.0 (27.0, 30.0) ^{c, d}

28.0 (25.0, 30.0)^{a, b}

28.0 (24.0, 30.0)^{a, b}

CRP(mmol/L)

1.8(0.7,3.4)^{b, c,d}

3.4(1.6,7.3)^{a, c}

2.4(1.0,6.9)^{a, d}

4.1(1.8,10.1)^{a, c}