Continuous high-soy protein soymilk intake affects ordinary walking speed in the Japanese pre-frail and frail elderly: a randomized controlled trial

Sato, Nene; Terashima, Yuji; Sugawara, Makoto; Unno, Ryoichi; Asao, Hiroaki; Iwasaki, Mitsuhiro; Watanabe, Tomoyuki; Uno, Tomoko; Maruyama, Mitsuo

doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05539-4

Table 2 Changes in walking speed, grip strength, and skeletal muscle mass

From: Continuous high-soy protein soymilk intake affects ordinary walking speed in the Japanese pre-frail and frail elderly: a randomized controlled trial

		Walking speed (m/s)					Grip strength (kg)					Skeletal muscle mass (kg)
		n	Baseline	Week 12	Change (95% CI)	P	n	Baseline	Week 12	Change (95% CI)	P	n	Baseline	Week 12	Change (95% CI)	P
All analysis subjects	High-soy protein group	34	1.06 ± 0.03	1.15 ± 0.04	0.09 ± 0.03 (0.03,0.14)	0.26^b	34	32.6 ± 1.4	32.4 ± 1.4	-0.2 ± 0.4 (-1.0, 0.6)	0.12^S	34	25.4 ± 0.9	25.4 ± 0.9	0.0 ± 0.1 (-0.1, 0.2)	0.91^S
All analysis subjects	Control group	36	1.07 ± 0.03	1.11 ± 0.02	0.05 ± 0.02 (0.01,0.09)		36	31.7 ± 1.3	32.4 ± 1.4	0.8 ± 0.5(-0.2,1.8)		34^††	24.2 ± 0.7	24.3 ± 0.7	0.1 ± 0.1(-0.1,0.2)
Subgroup analyses
Men	High-soy protein group	25	1.00 ± 0.04	1.11 ± 0.05	0.11 ± 0.03(0.04,0.18)	0.09^b	25	36.1 ± 1.3	35.8 ± 1.1	-0.3 ± 0.5(-1.2,0.7)	0.13^S	25	27.5 ± 0.9	27.5 ± 0.9	0.0 ± 0.1(-0.2,0.3	0.93^S
Men	Control group	28	1.07 ± 0.04	1.10 ± 0.03	0.03 ± 0.02(-0.01,0.07)		28	34.5 ± 1.2	35.4 ± 1.3	0.9 ± 0.6(-0.3,2.2)		26^††	25.9 ± 0.6	25.9 ± 0.5	0.1 ± 0.1(-0.2,0.3)
Women	High-soy protein group	9	1.22 ± 0.05	1.25 ± 0.05	0.03 ± 0.03 (-0.05, 0.10)	0.89^a	9	22.8 ± 1.1	22.7 ± 1.5	-0.1 ± 0.7 (-1.6, 1.5)	0.77^S	9	19.6 ± 0.6	19.7 ± 0.7	0.1 ± 0.2(-0.4,0.5)	0.94^S
Women	Control group	8	1.04 ± 0.04	1.17 ± 0.04	0.13 ± 0.05 (0.00, 0.25)		8	21.9 ± 1.1	22.1 ± 1.0	0.2 ± 0.8 (-1.6, 2.0)		8	18.7 ± 0.9	18.8 ± 1.0	0.1 ± 0.2(-0.4,0.6)
Walking speed: higher than 1.0 m/s (Baseline)	High-soy protein group	17	1.22 ± 0.03	1.28 ± 0.04	0.06 ± 0.04 (-0.01, 0.14)	0.012^b	17	30.4 ± 2.0	30.3 ± 2.0	-0.1 ± 0.6 (-1.3, 1.2)	0.78^S	17	23.2 ± 1.0	23.3 ± 1.0	0.1 ± 0.1(-0.2,0.4)	0.81^S
Walking speed: higher than 1.0 m/s (Baseline)	Control group	18	1.19 ± 0.04	1.17 ± 0.03	-0.02 ± 0.02 (-0.05, 0.02)		18	32.5 ± 2.2	32.2 ± 2.3	-0.3 ± 0.6 (-1.6, 1.0)		17^†	23.3 ± 1.1	23.4 ± 1.1	0.1 ± 0.1(-0.1,0.3)
Walking speed: less than 1.0 m/s (Baseline)	High-soy protein group	17	0.90 ± 0.02	1.01 ± 0.05	0.11 ± 0.04 (0.02, 0.19)	0.85^S	17	34.8 ± 1.8	34.4 ± 1.8	-0.3 ± 0.5 (-1.4, 0.7)	0.016^S	17	27.6 ± 1.3	27.6 ± 1.3	0.0 ± 0.1 (-0.3, 0.2)	0.72^S
Walking speed: less than 1.0 m/s (Baseline)	Control group	18	0.94 ± 0.01	1.06 ± 0.03	0.12 ± 0.03 (0.06, 0.18)		18	30.8 ± 1.5	32.7 ± 1.6	1.9 ± 0.7 (0.4, 3.3)		17^†	25.1 ± 0.9	25.1 ± 0.9	0.0 ± 0.2 (-0.3, 0.4)
Frailty: At least 3 items meet the revised J-CHS criteria	High-soy protein group	5	0.91 ± 0.04	0.95 ± 0.14	0.04 ± 0.10 (-0.25, 0.32)	0.71^S	5	33.5 ± 3.1	33.2 ± 3.1	-0.3 ± 0.7 (-2.1, 1.5)	0.76^S	5	28.7 ± 3.6	28.4 ± 3.6	-0.3 ± 0.2 (-0.7, 0.1)	0.63^S
Frailty: At least 3 items meet the revised J-CHS criteria	Control group	5	0.97 ± 0.06	1.05 ± 0.02	0.08 ± 0.05 (-0.07, 0.23)		5	27.6 ± 3.1	27.9 ± 4.1	0.3 ± 1.9 (-4.9, 5.6)		5	23.7 ± 0.8	23.5 ± 0.9	-0.2 ± 0.2 (-0.7, 0.3)
Frailty: 1 or 2 items meet the revised J-CHS criteria	High-soy protein group	29	1.08 ± 0.04	1.18 ± 0.04	0.09 ± 0.03 (0.04, 0.15)	0.09^b	29	32.4 ± 1.6	32.2 ± 1.5	-0.2 ± 0.4 (-1.1, 0.7)	0.13^S	29	24.8 ± 0.8	24.9 ± 0.8	0.1 ± 0.1 (-0.1, 0.3)	0.98^S
Frailty: 1 or 2 items meet the revised J-CHS criteria	Control group	31	1.08 ± 0.03	1.12 ± 0.03	0.04 ± 0.02 (0.00, 0.09)		31	32.3 ± 1.4	33.2 ± 1.5	0.9 ± 0.5 (-0.2, 1.9)		29^††	24.3 ± 0.8	24.4 ± 0.8	0.1 ± 0.1 (-0.1, 0.3)
Step counts: higher than 5,000 steps/day (Baseline)	High-soy protein group	13	1.11 ± 0.06	1.24 ± 0.06	0.13 ± 0.04 (0.05, 0.22)	0.0083^b	13	35.3 ± 2.5	35.3 ± 2.2	0.0 ± 0.7 (-1.5, 1.5)	0.77^S	13	26.1 ± 1.2	26.2 ± 1.2	0.2 ± 0.1 (-0.1, 0.4)	0.38^S
Step counts: higher than 5,000 steps/day (Baseline)	Control group	14	1.12 ± 0.04	1.14 ± 0.03	0.02 ± 0.02 (-0.03, 0.07)		14	32.0 ± 2.6	32.4 ± 2.7	0.3 ± 0.9 (-1.6, 2.2)		14	24.0 ± 1.2	24.0 ± 1.3	0.0 ± 0.1 (-0.2, 0.3)
Step counts: less than 5,000 steps/day (Baseline)	High-soy protein group	21	1.03 ± 0.04	1.08 ± 0.05	0.06 ± 0.03 (-0.02, 0.13)	0.81^b	21	30.9 ± 1.6	30.5 ± 1.6	-0.3 ± 0.5 (-1.3, 0.6)	0.10^S	21	25.0 ± 1.3	24.9 ± 1.3	0.0 ± 0.1 (-0.3, 0.3)	0.46^S
Step counts: less than 5,000 steps/day (Baseline)	Control group	20	1.04 ± 0.04	1.10 ± 0.03	0.06 ± 0.03 (0.00, 0.13)		20	31.8 ± 1.5	32.7 ± 1.5	1.0 ± 0.6(-0.3,2.2)		18^††	24.6 ± 0.8	24.7 ± 0.8	0.1 ± 0.1 (-0.2, 0.4)
High total energy consumption (Baseline)	High-soy protein group	7	1.05 ± 0.07	1.23 ± 0.05	0.18 ± 0.05 (0.05, 0.31)	0.52^b	7	35.0 ± 3.1	35.2 ± 3.0	0.2 ± 1.1 (-2.6, 2.9)	0.22^S	7	29.8 ± 2.7	29.9 ± 2.6	0.1 ± 0.2 (-0.3, 0.5)	0.73^S
High total energy consumption (Baseline)	Control group	8	1.04 ± 0.08	1.19 ± 0.05	0.15 ± 0.06 (0.01, 0.28)		8	31.5 ± 3.9	33.5 ± 3.7	2.0 ± 0.9 (-0.1, 4.1)		8	25.8 ± 1.7	25.8 ± 1.7	0.0 ± 0.3 (-0.6, 0.6)
Men: Higher than 2,100 kcal/day
Women: Higher than 1,650 kcal/day
Low total energy consumption	High-soy protein group	27	1.06 ± 0.04	1.12 ± 0.05	0.06 ± 0.03 (0.00, 0.12)	0.16^W	27	31.9 ± 1.6	31.6 ± 1.5	-0.3 ± 0.4 (-1.1, 0.5)	0.40^S	27	24.3 ± 0.8	24.3 ± 0.8	0.0 ± 0.1 (-0.2, 0.3)	0.62^S
(Baseline)	Control group	26	1.08 ± 0.03	1.09 ± 0.03	0.01 ± 0.02 (-0.02, 0.05)		26	32.0 ± 1.3	32.3 ± 1.5	0.3 ± 0.6 (-0.9, 1.5)		24^††	23.8 ± 0.8	23.9 ± 0.8	0.1 ± 0.1 (-0.1, 0.3)
Men: Less than 2,100 kcal/day
Women: Less than 1,650 kcal/day

Mean ± SE. P values were calculated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for baseline value and age. Covariates are ^abaseline value and age, ^bbaseline value. ^SStudent’s t-test. ^WAspin-Welch’s t-test.
For total energy consumption, two participants had missing values at baseline due to non-recording
^† Data missing for one participant
^††Data missing for two participants

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