Association of frailty with functional difficulty in older Ghanaians: stability between women and men in two samples with different income levels

Table 4 The associations between frailty, functional difficulty, and covariates (i.e., age and chronic disease status)

Model	Predictors	Sample 1 (Low income; n = 704)					Sample 2 (Higher income; n = 510)
		Coefficients			95 CI	% Change in β	Coefficients			95 CI	% Change in β
		B	SE	β(t)	95 CI	% Change in β	B	SE	β(t)	95 CI	% Change in β
1	(Constant)	23.59	0.77	(30.57)**	± 3.03	–-	12.67	0.75	(16.87)**	± 2.95	–-
1	Frailty	1.12	0.11	0.37(10.57)**	± 0.42		1.94	0.14	0.54(14.28)**	± 0.53
2	(Constant)	-0.38	2.79	(-0.14)	± 10.95		-13.93	2.23	(-6.25)**	± 8.76
	Frailty	0.86	0.12	0.28(7.53)**	± 0.45	-25%	1.28	0.13	0.35(9.78)**	± 0.51	-34%
	Age (yrs)	0.40	0.05	0.32(8.71)**	± 0.18		0.52	0.04	0.45(12.48)**	± 0.16
3	(Constant)	19.64	0.86	(22.93)**	± 3.36		12.74	0.67	(19.02)**	± 2.63
	Frailty	0.81	0.11	0.27(7.56)**	± 0.42	-28%	1.27	0.14	0.35(9.40)**	± 0.53	-35%
	CDS (ref – none)	8.05	0.91	0.31(8.88)**	± 3.56		8.95	0.78	0.43(11.48)**	± 3.06
4	(Constant)	-0.94	3.14	(-0.30)	± 12.33		8.08	0.81	(10.02)**	± 3.17
	Frailty	0.82	0.12	0.26(6.58)**	± 0.49	-31%	1.01	0.13	0.28(7.84)**	± 0.50	-48%
	Age (yrs)	0.34	0.05	0.28(6.91)**	± 0.19		4.27	0.51	0.31(8.33)**	± 2.02
	CDS (ref – none)	5.20	1.05	0.21(4.97)**	± 4.11		5.93	0.8	0.28(7.42)**	± 3.14

^**p < 0.001; *p < 0.05; B – unstandardised coefficient; β – standardised coefficient; SE standard error (of B); CI confidence interval (of B); CDS chronic disease status; “% change in β” is the percentage change in the β coefficient between frailty and functional difficulty (in model 1) due to the covariate(s) in models 2, 3, and 4; tolerance ≥ 0.6 for all predictors; total variance explained ranges from 13.6%-28.9% for sample 1 and from 28.5%-51.1% for sample 2; the F-test was significant at p < 0.001 for all models (blocks)

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