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Table 2 Linear regression of limitations in six physical function items and six-item scale on patient characteristics in the 2019 Medicare CAHPS Fee-for-Service Survey, ages 65 and older

From: Factors associated with self-reports of limitations in activities of daily living among Medicare Fee-for-Service recipients

 

Bathing

Dressing

Eating

Chairs

Walking

Toileting

Scale

Female

.05 (.03, .07)***

.00 (-.02, .01)

.01 (-.01, .03)

.05 (.04, .07)***

.07 (.05, .08)***

.01 (-.01, .03)

.03 (.01, .05)***

Age

 70–74

-.01 (-.03, .01)

-.01 (-.03, .01)

-.01 (-.03, .01)

-.01 (-.03, .01)

-.01 (-.03, .01)

-.02 (-.04, .00)

-.02 (-.04, .00)

 75–79

.03 (.01, .05)**

.02 (.00, .05)

.01 (-.02, .03)

.06 (.03, .08)***

.08 (.05, .10)***

.03 (.01, .06)**

.04 (.01, .06)**

 80–84

.09 (.06, .12)***

.08 (.05, .11)***

.03 (< .01, .06)*

.14 (.11, .16)***

.18 (.16, .21)***

.06 (.03, .09)***

.09 (.06, .11)***

 85 + 

.35 (.31, .38)***

.25 (.22, .28)***

.09 (.06, .12)***

.37 (.34, .40)***

.46 (.44, .49)***

.21 (.18, .24)***

.28 (.25, .31)***

Race-and-ethnicity

 Asian American and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander

-.15 (-.20, -.10)***

-.11 (-.16, -.06)***

-.04 (-.10, .01)

-.20 (-.25, -.15)***

-.17 (-.22, -.13)***

-.07 (-.13, -.02)**

-.15 (-.20, -.10)***

 American Indian/Alaska Native

.02 (-.12, .15)

.02 (-.11, .16)

.12 (-.03, .27)

.05 (-.07, .17)

.11 (-.01, .22)

-.01 (-.14, .12)

.05 (-.08, .18)

 Black

.04 (.00, .08)

.04 (.00, .08)

.00 (-.04, .04)

.04 (< .01, .08)*

.06 (.02, .10)**

.03 (-.01, .07)

.01 (-.02, .05)

 Hispanic

-.01 (-.06, .04)

.05 (-.01, .10)

.05 (.00, .11)

-.06 (-.10, -.01)*

-.04 (-.08, .01)

.02 (-.03, .08)

.00 (-.05, .06)

 Multiracial

.20 (.12, .28)***

.13 (.05, .21)**

.10 (.02, .19)*

.17 (.09, .24)***

.23 (.15, .30)***

.08 (< .01, .17)*

.09 (.04, .15)**

Current Smoker

.04 (.01, .08)**

.02 (-.02, .05)

.05 (.01, .08)*

.04 (< .01, .07)*

.13 (.10, .16)***

.03 (.00, .06)

.05 (.01, .08)**

Health Conditions

 Angina

.11 (.08, .14)***

.08 (.05, .11)***

.03 (< .01, .06)*

.12 (.09, .14)***

.17 (.14, .19)***

.06 (.03, .08)***

.09 (.06, .11)***

 Cancer

.05 (.03, .07)***

.04 (.02, .06)***

.03 (.01, .06)**

.08 (.06, .10)***

.08 (.06, .09)***

.02 (.00, .04)

.04 (.02, .06)***

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

.23 (.20, .26)***

.17 (.15, .20)***

.08 (.05, .10)***

.22 (.19, .24)***

.33 (.31, .35)***

.11 (.08, .14)***

.18 (.16, .21)***

 Diabetes

.14 (.12, .16)***

.11 (.09, .14)***

.06 (.04, .08)***

.20 (.18, .22)***

.23 (.22, .25)***

.10 (.08, .12)***

.15 (.13, .16)***

 Hypertension

.03 (.02, .05)***

.02 (.01, .04)**

.00 (-.02, .02)

.09 (.08, .11)***

.14 (.12, .15)***

.02 (< .01, .04)*

.05 (.03, .07)***

 Heart attack

.09 (.06, .13)***

.11 (.08, .15)***

.08 (.04, .11)***

.12 (.09, .16)***

.14 (.11, .17)***

.09 (.06, .13)***

.12 (.08, .15)***

Education

 <  = 8th grade

-.03 (-.10, .04)

-.08 (-.15, > -.01)*

-.01 (-.09, .07)

-.11 (-.17, -.04)***

-.08 (-.14, -.02)**

-.03 (-.11, .05)

-.07 (-.14, > -.01)*

 Some high school

-.03 (-.08, .01)

-.07 (-.12, -.02)**

-.09 (-.14, -.04)***

-.04 (-.09, .00)

.01 (-.04, .05)

-.07 (-.12, -.02)**

-.08 (-.12, -.03)***

 Some college

.02 (.00, .04)

.02 (.00, .04)

.00 (-.02, .03)

.00 (-.02, .02)

-.02 (.04, .00)

.00 (.02, .03)

.00 (-.02, .02)

 4-year degree

-.03 (-.06, -.01)**

-.02 (-.04, .01)

-.03 (-.05, .00)

-.06 (-.08, -.03)***

-.09 (-.12, -.07)***

-.02 (-.04, .01)

-.05 (-.08, -.03)***

 > 4-year degree

-.05 (-.07, -.02)***

-.03 (-.05, > -.01)*

-.04 (-.07, -.02)***

-.08 (-.10, -.05)***

-.12 (-.14, -.10)***

-.02 (-.05, > -.01)*

-.07 (-.09, -.05)***

Financial assistance

 Low-income subsidy, but not dually eligible

.26 (.17, .36)***

.16 (.07, .26) ***

.17 (.07, .27) **

.25 (.16, .34)***

.32 (.23, .40)***

.15 (.05, .24)**

.19 (.11, .28)***

 Dual eligibility, with or without low-income subsidy

.47 (.42, .52)***

.41 (.36, .46)***

.26 (.21, .32)***

.35 (.30, .39)***

.42 (.38, .46)***

.30 (.24, .35)***

.35 (.31, .40)***

Live alone

.02 (.00, .04)

.00 (-.02, .01)

.00 (-.02, .01)

.02 (<.01, .04)*

.04 (.02, .05)***

-.01 (-.03, .01)

.00 (-.02, .01)

Survey Language

 Spanish

-.04 (-.17, .09)

.00 (-.14, .14)

-.07 (-.22, .08)

.15 (.03, .28)*

-.01 (-.12, .10)

.01 (-.13, .16)

-.05 (-.17, .06)

 Chinese

-.45 (-1.10, .20)

-.08 (-.85, .69)

.36 (-.68, 1.40)

-.25 (-.87, .38)

.19 (-.34, .72)

.12 (-.75, .99)

-.12 (-.65, .41)

Proxy

 Helped but did not answer

.66 (.60, .71)***

.67 (.61, .73)***

.32 (.26, .38)***

.49 (.44, .53)***

.42 (.38, .47)***

.53 (.47, .59)***

.51 (.46, .56)***

 Answered for patient

1.29 (1.23, 1.36)***

1.27 (1.20, 1.34)***

1.04 (.94, 1.13)***

.87 (.81, .92)***

.71 (.66, .76)***

1.21 (1.13, 1.29)***

1.23 (1.15, 1.30)***

Have a primary doctor

-.02 (-.05, .02)

-.02 (-.05, .01)

-.05 (-.08, -.01)*

-.01 (-.04, .02)

.02 (-.01, .05)

-.03 (-.07, .00)

-.02 (-.05, .02)

  1. Cells are Estimate (95% Confidence Interval) *p<.05 **p<.01 ***p<.001. For statistically significant estimates where one end of the confidence interval rounds to 0.00, we use <0.01 and >-0.01 to indicate positive or negative coefficients, respectively
  2. Missingness rates were 4% for Bathing, 4% for Dressing, 5% for Eating, 4% for Chairs, 4% for Walking, 4% Toileting, and 6% for the scale. The physical function items were z-scored (mean=0; standard deviation=1; higher score indicates some difficulty or unable to do the activity) before use in modeling; coefficients can be interpreted as effect sizes. The scale was calculated as the mean across the six items; each scored as 0=no difficulty, 50=some difficulty, 100=unable to do. The scale was z-scored (mean=0; standard deviation=1) before use in modeling; coefficients can be interpreted as effect sizes
  3. Models also adjust for coverage type (Fee-for-Service with versus without a Part D Plan); Census Division (New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, South Atlantic, East South Central, West South Central, Mountain, Pacific) or Puerto Rico; and rurality (residence in a metropolitan division or metropolitan statistical area, a micropolitan statistical area, or outside of metropolitan or micropolitan areas)
  4. The holdout groups in the model were age 65-69, high school or general education diploma, no subsidy or dual eligibility, English, White, male, do not live alone, no proxy, no chronic conditions, not a current smoker, and do not have a primary doctor
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