Table 1 Descriptive analysis and differences in social capital, health-promoting lifestyles, and frailty scores among participants with different demographic characteristics (N = 674)

 60–69

347(51.5)

74.66 ± 12.48

32.58 ± 6.61

42.08 ± 7.89

63.59 ± 12.13

2.98 ± 2.02

 70–79

270(40.1)

74.87 ± 13.59

32.52 ± 6.98

42.35 ± 8.62

64.77 ± 13.01

3.56 ± 2.53

  ≥ 80

57(8.5)

72.46 ± 18.72

32.56 ± 10.79

39.89 ± 10.24

63.98 ± 16.71

4.53 ± 2.80

 Male

341(50.6)

74.24 ± 13.25

32.59 ± 7.20

41.65 ± 8.16

63.12 ± 12.69

3.46 ± 2.38

 Female

333(49.4)

74.88 ± 13.86

32.52 ± 7.18

42.37 ± 8.66

65.10 ± 13.10

3.23 ± 2.30

 Urban area

285(42.3)

73.84 ± 13.90

32.32 ± 7.38

41.52 ± 8.81

64.48 ± 13.58

4.18 ± 2.70

 Rural area

389(57.7)

75.08 ± 13.28

32.72 ± 7.04

42.36 ± 8.11

63.82 ± 12.42

2.73 ± 1.82

 Primary school and below

394(58.5)

73.66 ± 13.66

32.00 ± 6.90

41.66 ± 8.54

62.64 ± 12.18

3.51 ± 2.46

 Junior middle school

176(26.1)

74.74 ± 12.36

32.78 ± 6.58

41.97 ± 8.07

63.69 ± 11.65

3.02 ± 1.97

 High school

82(12.2)

76.74 ± 13.21

33.57 ± 7.97

43.17 ± 8.13

68.89 ± 16.23

3.22 ± 2.48

 University and above

22(3.3)

81.05 ± 19.20

36.86 ± 11.31

44.18 ± 9.74

75.64 ± 12.37

3.41 ± 2.28

 Unmarried

131(19.4)

72.61 ± 14.08

31.42 ± 6.54

41.19 ± 9.45

61.28 ± 12.78

4.01 ± 2.86

 Married

543(80.6)

75.03 ± 13.39

32.83 ± 7.31

42.20 ± 8.14

64.78 ± 12.87

3.18 ± 2.17

  < 5000

234(34.7)

73.22 ± 13.49

31.66 ± 7.09

41.56 ± 8.53

61.14 ± 11.86

3.32 ± 2.26

 5000-10,000

281(41.7)

73.49 ± 13.23

32.46 ± 7.07

41.03 ± 8.14

63.54 ± 10.91

3.62 ± 2.54

  > 10,000

159(23.6)

78.42 ± 13.53

34.04 ± 7.32

44.38 ± 8.31

69.43 ± 15.82

2.89 ± 2.04

 Poor

77(11.4)

66.61 ± 12.02

30.10 ± 5.21

36.51 ± 8.87

58.44 ± 11.47

6.27 ± 3.35

 Moderate

219(32.5)

70.89 ± 12.44

31.28 ± 6.84

39.61 ± 7.75

60.13 ± 10.43

3.75 ± 1.98

 Good

378(56.1)

78.30 ± 13.20

33.79 ± 7.48

44.52 ± 7.74

67.55 ± 13.45

2.51 ± 1.65